[{"_id":"project:1939","_type":"project","abstract":{"en":"The overall aim of sEEnergies is to quantify and operationalise the potentials for energy efficiency (EE) in buildings, transport and industry, combining this bottom-up knowledge with temporal and spatial analyses to develop an innovative, holistic and research-based EE-modelling approach going beyond current state-of-the-art science based knowledge and methodologies. Because the changes in one energy sector can contribute to impacts in another sector, it is only possible to have a comprehensive assessment and quantification of the EEFP policies impacts if we look at the energy systems from a holistic point of view and take into consideration the synergies between sectors. Therefore bottom-up sectorial approach and grid assessment, together with energy system modelling and spatial analytics is combined in the novel EE modelling approach. To achieve its aim, sEEnergies comprises a combination of in-depth knowledge on the consumption side and in-depth analyses of the energy systems that enables a detailed scientifically based pool of knowledge needed to make EE potentia concrete and operational, and as a resource on its own. Embedded in the applied project methodology is the identification o; synergies across the supply chain and towards additional impacts not directly linked to the energy system. This nonenergy impacts can be very important benefits that are often invisible but which sEEnergies aims to operationalise to a larger extent on a sectoral, system and member state level. For each sector we will take as starting point the state-of-the-art including best practices, policies in place and energy and nonenergy impacts of EE, for the EU and for the 28 Member States. In ord· to maximise the outreach of sEEnergies' results and the understanding of their importance, an online and user friendly GIS platform will be developed where EE impacts can be geographically visualised."},"keywords":{"en":"Renewable Energy Systems, Smart Energy Systems"},"project_id":"846463","identifier_short":"846463","dates":{"start_date":"2019-09-01","end_date":"2022-12-31"},"organizations":[{"coordinating":[{}]}],"people":[{"project_leaders":[]},{"other_personnel":[{"_id":"authority-person:33763","orcid":"0000-0001-9118-4375","name":"Persson, Urban","role":"co_investigator","affiliation":[{"_id":876300,"sv":"Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS)","en":"The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences (RLAS)","parent":[{"_id":16901,"sv":"Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap","en":"School of Business, Engineering and Science","parent":[{"_id":2804,"id":"202100-3203","sv":"Högskolan i Halmstad","en":"Halmstad University"}]}]}]},{"_id":"authority-person:33925","orcid":"0000-0003-2885-0923","name":"Averfalk, Helge","role":"co_investigator","affiliation":[{"_id":876300,"sv":"Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS)","en":"The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences (RLAS)","parent":[{"_id":16901,"sv":"Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap","en":"School of Business, Engineering and Science","parent":[{"_id":2804,"id":"202100-3203","sv":"Högskolan i Halmstad","en":"Halmstad University"}]}]}]}]}],"tags":[{"_id":11620,"id":"20702","sv":"Energisystem","en":"Energy Systems"}],"titles":{"en":"Quantification of synergies between Energy Efficiency first principle and renewable energy systems"},"total_funding":"1139688","type_of_awards":{"sv":"EU-finansiering","en":"EU grant"},"publications":[{"id":"diva2:1755274","type":"article-journal","status":"Published","issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"title":"Understanding effective width for district heating","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Sánchez-García","given":"Luis","ORCID":"0000-0002-6369-2222","localId":"luisan","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Averfalk","given":"Helge","ORCID":"0000-0003-2885-0923","localId":"helnil","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Möllerström","given":"Erik","ORCID":"0000-0001-9982-5317","localId":"erimol","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]}],"abstract":"District heating is one of the technologies that can contribute to the decarbonisation of the European heat sector. Nonetheless, these infrastructures only deliver about a tenth of the heat demands in the continent. Therefore, it is essential to assess the expansion potential of these systems and to identify which areas should be target for further investigations, which calls for easy-to-use and straightforward methods such as Persson &amp; Werner's network capital cost model. Pivotal parameters of the model are the effective width, a metric of trench length by land area, alongside the average pipe diameter and the linear heat density. This study has carried out an in-depth analysis of these crucial parameters with respect to both distribution and service pipes in a large Danish district heating network, which has allowed to explore the behaviour of effective width in a broad range of building densities and derive new equations for both effective width and average pipe diameter. The model has subsequently been validated in another large network in Denmark and several minor districts in the same country, showing the accuracy of the model on an aggregated level. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd.","DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2023.127427","ScopusId":"2-s2.0-85154565584","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-50424","volume":"277","number":"127427","container-title":"Energy","ISSN":"1873-6785","keyword":"District heating; GIS; Pipe network; Cost analysis; Effective width; Plot ratio","publisher-place":"London","publisher":"Elsevier","published":[{"raw":"2023-05-07T15:38:07.405+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2023-05-07T15:38:07.477+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:11:21.378+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-50424"},{"id":"diva2:1656747","type":"report","issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"title":"Geographic layers that illustrate future energy efficiency potentials: Second set of map layers (future years scenarios for 2030 and 2050) : D5.5","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Wiechers","given":"Eva","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Möller","given":"Bernd","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]}],"contributor":[{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Steffen","role":[{"marcCode":"ctb","name":"Contributor"}],"affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Moreno","given":"Diana","role":[{"marcCode":"ctb","name":"Contributor"}],"affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Sánchez-García","given":"Luis","ORCID":"0000-0002-6369-2222","localId":"luisan","role":[{"marcCode":"ctb","name":"Contributor"}],"affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]}],"abstract":"The Pan-European Thermal Atlas Peta is an online visualization tool for spatial data. Version 5.1 was launched in 2020 with a first set of layers for the EU27+UK, which related to energy demands in the base year and first, intermediate project results regarding energy efficiency potentials. With the update to version 5.2, Peta was complemented with layers based on the scenarios studied in different sEEnergies tasks, completed after the launch of Peta 5.1. As a result, Peta 5.2 shows energy demand and energy efficiency data for residential and service sector buildings as well as for industry and transport for different scenarios, focusing on the status-quo and the scenario year 2050, while also containing 2030 data.Throughout the Heat Roadmap Europe projects, Peta has been developed as an information system for the heat sector. Its main content related to district heating grid investment costs, district heating area demarcations and supply options. The current version 5.2 features new layers that include future heat demands and district heating development costs for distribution and service pipe investment costs, as well as energy efficiency potentials of the industry and transport sectors.In a new layer group Peta 5.2 presents the results of spatial analyses, for example the allocation of excess heat to urban areas as well as an index that combines energy efficiency potentials across sectors and technologies.Peta 5.2 can be accessed via the following URL:https://tinyurl.com/peta5seenergies, while the geospatial data can be accessed through thesEEnergies Open Data Hub: https://s-eenergies-open-data-euf.hub.arcgis.com/. Furthermore, Story Maps add an additional dimension to the dissemination of project results (accessible here: https://tinyurl.com/sEEnergiesStorymaps). ","DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.6524569","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46769","number-of-pages":"23","publisher":"Zenodo","published":[{"raw":"2022-05-07T13:28:15.235+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2022-05-07T13:28:15.325+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:43:33.223+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46769"},{"id":"diva2:1700031","type":"map","issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"title":"Peta : the Pan-European Thermal Atlas : version 5.2 : developed as part of the sEEnergies project","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Möller","given":"Bernd","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Wiechers","given":"Eva","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Steffen","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Werner","given":"Sven","ORCID":"0000-0001-9069-0807","localId":"svewer","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Connolly","given":"David","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Wilke","given":"Ole Garcia","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Sánchez-García","given":"Luis","ORCID":"0000-0002-6369-2222","localId":"luisan","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Moreno","given":"Diana","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Grundahl","given":"Lars","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Lund","given":"Rasmus Søgaard","affiliation":[{"name":"PlanEnergi, Aarhus, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Vad Mathiesen","given":"Brian","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Lund","given":"Henrik","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]}],"contributor":[{"family":"Möller","given":"Bernd","role":[{"marcCode":"edt","name":"Editor"}],"affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Wiechers","given":"Eva","role":[{"marcCode":"edt","name":"Editor"}],"affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","role":[{"marcCode":"edt","name":"Editor"}],"affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Steffen","role":[{"marcCode":"edt","name":"Editor"}],"affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]}],"abstract":"The Pan-European Thermal Atlas version 5.2 (Peta, version 5.2). Peta is an online visualization tool for spatial data relating to energy efficiency in buildings, industry, and transport sectors. Developed as part of the sEEnergies project. Copyright Flensburg, Halmstad and Aalborg Universities 2022. ","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48178","publisher-place":"Flensburg","publisher":"Europa-Universität Flensburg","published":[{"raw":"2022-09-29T15:25:31.832+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2022-09-29T15:25:31.906+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:29:33.624+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48178"},{"id":"diva2:1703656","type":"report","issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"title":"sEEnergies special report : Construction costs of new district heating networks in France","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Sánchez-García","given":"Luis","ORCID":"0000-0002-6369-2222","localId":"luisan","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Averfalk","given":"Helge","ORCID":"0000-0003-2885-0923","localId":"helnil","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]}],"abstract":"This report aims to present the results of the work carried out within the sEEnergies project pertaining to estimating construction costs of new district heating networks in France.This project has followed a similar methodology to Heat Roadmap Europe when estimating the costs of district heating systems. Nonetheless, several improvements have been introduced to attain more realistic results. On the one hand, it has been carried out a detailed geographic analysis of two large Danish networks so the necessary pipe length can be better appraised. Moreover, both the distribution network and service pipes have been taken into consideration. On the other hand, pipe construction cost data from each country has been used to the maximum extent possible.  This part of the project has only focused on the pipe network and has not taken into account other elements for the development of a district heating system, such as heat supply plants or the connections to the heat demands via a substation. The results for France show that the country has a significant potential for District Heating expansion. Approximately a quarter of the total heat demand (28%) could be supplied with a cost lower than 20 €/MWh and nearly half of the heat demand (47%) would be economically viable with a higher marginal cost of 30 €/MWh. Nonetheless, there is significant regional variation. For instance, for a marginal cost threshold of 20 €/MWh, Paris could cover nearly the entire heat demand and the other <i>départements</i> of the <i>petite couronne de París</i>, could reach penetration rates above 70%. On the contrary, the 12 least dense <i>départements</i> would not be able to deliver more than 10% of the heat demand, having the <i>département</i> of Vendée the lowest potential with merely 3%. ","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48478","number-of-pages":"27","keyword":"District Heating; GIS; Energy Transition; France","publisher":"sEEnergies","published":[{"raw":"2022-10-14T10:06:00.000+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2022-10-14T10:06:21.447+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:26:27.348+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48478"},{"id":"diva2:1702170","type":"report","issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"title":"sEEnergies special report : Construction costs of new district heating networks in Germany","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Sánchez-García","given":"Luis","ORCID":"0000-0002-6369-2222","localId":"luisan","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Averfalk","given":"Helge","ORCID":"0000-0003-2885-0923","localId":"helnil","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]}],"abstract":"This report aims to present the results of the work carried out within the sEEnergies project pertaining to estimating construction costs of new district heating networks in Germany.This project has followed a similar methodology to Heat Roadmap Europe when estimating the costs of district heating systems. Nonetheless, several improvements have been introduced to attain more realistic results. On the one hand, it has been carried out a detailed geographic analysis of two large Danish networks so the necessary pipe length can be better appraised. Moreover, both the distribution network and service pipes have been taken into consideration. On the other hand, pipe construction cost data from each country has been used to the maximum extent possible.  This part of the project has only focused on the pipe network and has not taken into account other elements for the development of a district heating system, such as heat supply plants or the connections to the heat demands via a substation. The results for Germany show that the country has a significant potential for District Heating expansion. Approximately a quarter of the total heat demand could be supplied with a cost lower than 20 €/MWh and nearly half of the heat demand would be economically viable with a higher marginal cost of 30 €/MWh. Nonetheless, there is significant regional variation, and whilst the most urban districts (kreise) could reach penetration rates above 70% for a marginal cost of 20 €/MWh, the least dense would fall below 10% of the heat demand. ","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48303","number-of-pages":"26","keyword":"District Heating; GIS; Energy Transition; Germany","publisher":"sEEnergies","published":[{"raw":"2022-10-10T11:27:00.000+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2022-10-10T11:27:40.433+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:28:29.430+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48303"},{"id":"diva2:1656749","type":"report","issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"title":"Spatial models and spatial analytics results : D5.7","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Möller","given":"Bernd","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Wiechers","given":"Eva","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Sánchez-García","given":"Luis","ORCID":"0000-0002-6369-2222","localId":"luisan","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]}],"contributor":[{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Steffen","role":[{"marcCode":"ctb","name":"Contributor"}],"affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Moreno","given":"Diana","role":[{"marcCode":"ctb","name":"Contributor"}],"affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Abid","given":"Hamza","role":[{"marcCode":"ctb","name":"Contributor"}],"affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]}],"abstract":"The present report accounts for the spatial models of energy efficiency and the geospatial analysis carried out to quantify and locate energy efficiency potentials across sectors. In the building sector, future heat demands on national scales are being distributed using the age class of built-up areas and innovative models of future population distribution. District heat distribution capital costs combined with heat demand densities allow for the assessment of economic potentials of future district heating. Efficiency potentials in the transport and industrial sectors have been associated to locations, and transmission infrastructures have been mapped. Combining all these aspects, spatial analytics help understanding the opportunities and constraints that arise from the geography of energy systems. Energy efficiency in the three sectors has been mapped at different scales. Cost curves for district heating have been prepared for member states. For use in energy systems analysis, a matrix has been developed that relates energy efficiency in buildings and district heating potentials. Areas of interest for the conversion of natural gas to district heating have been mapped, combining present gas use with infrastructural aspects. Local potentials of district heating have been quantified for almost 150,000 settlements, and potential heat sources from industrial and wastewater treatment plants as well as locally available renewable energy sources have been allocated to potential district heating areas. Finally, to visualise and compare energy efficiency across sectors, technologies, and countries, the sEEnergies Index shows local potentials for improving energy efficiency and utilising synergies in all settlements of the EU27 plus the UK. In conclusion, the report documents how dissemination can be facilitated using the online geospatial information and mapping applications prepared in the sEEnergies Project.   ","DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.6524594","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46770","number-of-pages":"71","publisher":"Zenodo","published":[{"raw":"2022-05-07T13:40:59.146+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2022-05-07T13:40:59.223+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:43:31.981+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46770"},{"id":"diva2:1656750","type":"report","issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"title":"Spatial models: Spatially adjusted energy efficiency potentials by sectors for future year scenarios : D5.6","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Möller","given":"Bernd","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Wiechers","given":"Eva","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]}],"contributor":[{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Steffen","role":[{"marcCode":"ctb","name":"Contributor"}],"affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Moreno","given":"Diana","role":[{"marcCode":"ctb","name":"Contributor"}],"affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Sánchez-García","given":"Luis","ORCID":"0000-0002-6369-2222","localId":"luisan","role":[{"marcCode":"ctb","name":"Contributor"}],"affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]}],"NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46771","number-of-pages":"19","note":"This report is of dissemination level type confidential (only for members of the consortium and the Commission Services) and is not publicly available","published":[{"raw":"2022-05-07T14:10:23.441+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2022-05-07T14:10:23.511+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:43:30.820+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46771"},{"id":"diva2:1700017","type":"paper-conference","issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"title":"A Closer Look at the Effective Width for District Heating Systems","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Sánchez-García","given":"Luis","ORCID":"0000-0002-6369-2222","localId":"luisan","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Averfalk","given":"Helge","ORCID":"0000-0003-2885-0923","localId":"helnil","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Werner","given":"Sven","ORCID":"0000-0001-9069-0807","localId":"svewer","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]}],"abstract":"District heating is an important technology for decarbonizing the heating supply in urban areas since it enables the recovery of waste heat that would otherwise be wasted and the cost-effective utilization of renewable heat. Nonetheless, the current general extent of these systems in Europe is very low, hence the need for simple methods and parameters to estimate their cost and feasibility on a large scale. One of these cost parameters is the Effective Width, which enables a first order approximation of the total pipe length in a given area. This concept, in conjunction with the average pipe diameter in the area, permits the determination of the network’s capital cost. However, previous research of Effective Width has relied on a small set of cases and has not contemplated service pipes. Therefore, there is need for a closer look and a deeper understanding of the underlying phenomena that influences this parameter. This study has analysed several Scandinavian District Heating Systems in detail and provides new evidence on the relation between Effective Width and the urban environment for both distribution and service pipes.","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48176","page":"153-153","container-title":"Book of Abstracts : 7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems","event":"7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, Copenhagen, Denmark, 21-22 September 2022","keyword":"Effective Width; Plot Ratio; Distribution Capital Cost; Heat Density; District Heating; GIS","publisher-place":"Aalborg","publisher":"Aalborg Universitetsforlag","note":"[ed] Henrik Lund; Brian Vad Mathiesen; Poul Alberg Østergaard; Hans Jørgen Brodersen","published":[{"raw":"2022-09-29T15:02:00.000+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2022-09-29T15:02:01.863+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:29:35.106+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48176"},{"id":"diva2:1700011","type":"speech","issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"title":"An empirical high-resolution geospatial model of future population distribution for assessing heat demands","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Möller","given":"Bernd","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Wiechers","given":"Eva","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Sánchez-García","given":"Luis","ORCID":"0000-0002-6369-2222","localId":"luisan","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]}],"abstract":"The future population distribution informs decisions on investment in district heating. Across Europe, demographic change has been associated with structural changes of the past. Trends towards urban or rural migration, urban sprawl or the depopulation of city centers will continue. Using gridded population data since 1990, past development is mapped using spatial disaggregation to grid cells by intensity of urban development. An empirical method proposed captures increment of population in each grid cell and relates it to the focal statistics of the cell neighbourhood. A positive population trend in populated cells leads to a future population increase and a spill over into new development areas, while a negative trend leads to lower future population. New areas are modelled based on the principles of proximity and similarity using neighbourhood trends and land cover suitability, adjusted to national and regional population trends. The result is a set of future 1-hectare population grids, which have been used to model the distribution of future heat demands. The distribution of heat demand densities, the zoning of heat supply, and the potential for individual heat pumps have been modelled. Results show that reductions of heat demands and demographic developments leave a window of opportunities to develop heating infrastructures with known technology in the present decade, after which 4th Generation District Heat technology is required to decarbonise the heating sector.","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48175","event":"7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, 21-22 September, Copenhagen, Denmark","keyword":"Population modelling; heat demands; GIS","published":[{"raw":"2022-09-29T14:52:10.947+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2022-09-29T14:52:11.018+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:29:36.379+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48175"},{"id":"diva2:1651297","type":"report","issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"title":"Cost and capacity analysis for representative EU energy grids depending on decarbonisation scenarios : D4.4","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Meunier","given":"Simon","ORCID":"0000-0001-5306-0355","affiliation":[{"name":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"family":"Protopapadaki","given":"Christina","affiliation":[{"name":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Sánchez-García","given":"Luis","ORCID":"0000-0002-6369-2222","localId":"luisan","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Möller","given":"Bernd","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Wiechers","given":"Eva","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Schneider","given":"Noémi Cécile Adèle","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg Universitet (AAU), Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Saelens","given":"Dirk","ORCID":"0000-0003-3450-5448","affiliation":[{"name":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}]}],"abstract":"This work studies the transformation of energy grids of the European Union (EU) in the frame of the energy transition. Three energy grid types are considered namely the electricity, thermal and gas grids. Regarding electricity grids, we investigate the required reinforcements of the low-voltage networks (e.g. replacing the distribution transformer by one of higher nominal power, replacing cables by cables of larger cross-section) in order to integrate residential low-carbon technologies such as heat pumps, photovoltaic systems and electric vehicles. To do so, we develop a methodology for the quantification of EU low-voltage grid reinforcement costs following residential low-carbon technologies integration. This methodology uses urbanisation data to determine the share of dwellings in rural and urban areas in EU28 countries (EU27 + United Kingdom). It is also based on a model that quantifies the grid reinforcement cost as a function of the low-carbon technologies integration scenario for representative rural and urban grids. This model is composed of three sub-models, namely the dwelling, grid and economic models. We also collected data from 24 open access grids (i.e. grids of which the specifications are freely accessible online) and 23 scientific articles and reports to determine the parameter values of the grid and economic models for EU28 countries. Finally, we provide example applications that illustrate the methodology by computing the grid reinforcement costs from heat pumps and photovoltaic systems integration in Belgium and Italy. Results indicate that, in the largest majority of cases, both for Belgian and Italian grids, the reinforcement cost per dwelling remains below 350 € per dwelling (total cost for the whole lifespan of 33 years). The only case where more significant reinforcement costs occurred (&gt; 350 €/dwelling and up to 1150 €/dwelling) is for the Belgian rural grid with heat pump integration rates larger than 40%. When it comes to thermal grids, we investigate the deployment of district heating, a heat supply technology that by its fundamental idea incorporates energy efficiency and thus can trigger important greenhouse gas emissions reduction. For this purpose, we proposed an approach to map the cost of thermal grids deployment per heat demand unit in the EU. This approach is based on the concept of representative thermal grids which corresponds to a principal equation that defines the distribution capital costs as the ratio of empirically derived specific investments costs and the linear heat density. In the sEEnergies project, this concept is expanded to comprise better cost models based on actual district heating network layouts at the spatial resolution of 1 hectare. While in the Heat Roadmap Europe project, the variables were generated only for the 14 EU Member States with largest annual volumes of building heat demands, the present approach covers all EU27 Member States plus United Kingdom. In this deliverable, we focus on the current year, while the deliverable 4.5 focuses on the future years. Regarding gas grids, we present the key technical and economic characteristics of the existing gas grids and storages in the EU28 countries. We focus not only on infrastructure for natural gas but also for biogas, biomethane, syngas and hydrogen, which could play an important role in the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions. This techno-economic review provides important information to assess the cost of retrofitting and developing gas grids depending on the decarbonisation scenarios.","DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.4883664","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46639","number-of-pages":"97","keyword":"energy grids; low-voltage distribution grid; district heating; gas grids; low-carbon technologies; energy transition","publisher":"Zenodo","published":[{"raw":"2022-04-11T15:02:30.106+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2022-04-11T15:02:30.180+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:44:48.374+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46639"},{"id":"diva2:1525622","type":"article-journal","status":"Published","issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"title":"Decarbonizing District Heating in EU-27 + UK: How Much Excess Heat Is Available from Industrial Sites?","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Manz","given":"Pia","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"family":"Kermeli","given":"Katerina","affiliation":[{"name":"Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"876300","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS)"}]},{"family":"Neuwirth","given":"Marius","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"family":"Fleiter","given":"Tobias","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"family":"Crijns-Graus","given":"Wina","affiliation":[{"name":"Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]}],"abstract":"Energy‐intensive industries across the EU‐28 release unused heat into the environment. This excess heat can be utilized for district heating systems. However, this is the exception today, and the potential contribution to the decarbonization of district heating is not well quantified. An estimation of excess heat, based on industrial processes, and spatial matching to district heating areas is necessary. We present a georeferenced industrial database with annual production and excess heat potentials at different temperature levels matched with current and possible district heating areas. Our results show a total potential of 960 PJ/a (267 TWh/a) of excess heat when the exhaust gases are cooled down to 25 °C, with 47% of the 1.608 studied industrial sites inside or within a 10 km distance of district heating areas. The calculated potentials reveal that currently 230 PJ/a (64 TWh/a) of excess heat is available for district heating areas, about 17% of todayʹs demand of buildings for district heating. In the future, widespread and low‐temperature district heating areas increase the available excess heat to 258 PJ/a (72 TWh/a) at 55°C or 679 PJ/a (189 TWh/a) at 25°C. We show that industrial excess heat can substantially contribute to decarbonize district heating, however, the major share of heat will need to be supplied by renewables. © by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.3390/su13031439","ScopusId":"2-s2.0-85100006221","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43809","issue":"3","volume":"13","page":"1439","container-title":"Sustainability","ISSN":"2071-1050","keyword":"Industrial excess heat; district heating; heat decarbonization; geographic information system; spatial analysis","publisher-place":"Basel","publisher":"MDPI","published":[{"raw":"2021-02-04T10:59:00.000+01:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2021-02-04T10:59:32.168+01:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T17:14:43.375+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43809"},{"id":"diva2:1651302","type":"report","issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"title":"District heating investment costs and allocation of local resources for EU28 in 2030 and 2050 : D4.5","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Möller","given":"Bernd","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Sánchez-García","given":"Luis","ORCID":"0000-0002-6369-2222","localId":"luisan","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Wiechers","given":"Eva","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]}],"abstract":"Efficiency in the heat sector and the built environment can be achieved by building retrofits, the replacement of buildings, and the development of district heating as a means of structural energy efficiency. Hereby, excess heat and low-grade renewable heat sources can be integrated in the heat sector. The present report describes the future heat sector of Europe from end-use via infrastructure to heat sources. Future heat demands on national level have been modelled by sEEnergies project partners. In the present work, these demands are being distributed to future urban areas. Population forecasts have been combined with local empirical data to new 100m resolution population grids. They form the basis for the calculation of heat demands for the years 2030 and 2050 on the same geographical level. Potential areas, where district heating could be developed, have been zoned as prospective supply districts (PSDs) and basic statistics of heat demand have been calculated. Then, based on empirical district heating network data from existing district heating networks in Denmark, a new investment cost model for distribution and service pipes has been developed. Based on previous work in the Heat Roadmap Europe research project, the cost model has been improved with a better understanding of the concept of effective width. With the integration of country-specific construction cost data this results in an improved district heat distribution capital cost model for all Member States of the European Union plus the United Kingdom. The spatially explicit combination of district heat potentials and costs results in cost-supply curves for all countries as the basis for the assessment of the economic potential of future district heating. Finally, available excess heat sources from industry, waste incineration, wastewater treatment plants, and current powerplant locations are being allocated to prospective supply districts. Renewable heat potentials, including deep geothermal heat, solar thermal heat, and residual, local biomass, have also been assigned to these prospective heat supply areas. The results of the present work have been published as a web map.","DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.4892271","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46640","number-of-pages":"40","publisher":"Zenodo","published":[{"raw":"2022-04-11T15:13:00.000+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2022-04-11T15:13:26.181+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:44:47.269+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46640"},{"id":"diva2:1444169","type":"report","issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"title":"Documentation and dataset from the analysis and mapping of cities with similar topography and demography and the relation to energy efficient transport and mobility : D5.2","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Wiechers","given":"Eva","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Möller","given":"Bernd","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"876300","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS)"}]}],"abstract":"With regard to transportation and mobility, the quantification of energy efficiency potentials of modal shifts and reduced transport volumes by changed and reduced movement of goods and persons requires a likewise quantitative database of current geographical properties of settlements and their spatial relationships... Based on the approach of Urban Morphological Zones, a novel method was devised, which delineates individual settlements. From small villages to large metropolitan areas, a total number of about 150,000 urban areas were mapped across Europe... Moreover, these so-called Urban Areas were enriched with attributes containing population, population densities, topographical properties such as slope, and climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation. Several among these aspects are thought to describe quantitatively the context which influences the relevance and the impact of policy measures and spatial solutions for energy efficiency improvements in the transport sector. Urban Areas were characterised by their population size, and grouped in five classes, for the definition of a hierarchy between these Urban Areas. For the assessment of energy efficiency potentials regarding the transport volumes in inter-urban transportation between settlements, the distances from each Urban Area to its nearest higher-order settlements were calculated. In this way, hierarchical relationships were established for all Urban Areas, so that for each settlement, smaller and larger neighbour settlements and their proximity are known. For studies on urban transport, intra-urban distances were modelled by means of population weighted distances from populated areas to the identified urban centres. For the analysis of temporal developments of urban mobility, data for the years 1990, 2000 and 2015 were generated, which include population, populated area as well as intra-urban distances for all Urban Areas. The resulting dataset will allow transport studies within the sEEnergies project at an extraordinary geographical scale and with a very detailed data base of Urban Areas, and their connections within a European transport system. © 2020 sEEnergies ","DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.3902134","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42535","number-of-pages":"29","keyword":"Urban Areas; demography; population density; mobility; GIS","publisher-place":"Aalborg","publisher":"Aalborg Universitetsforlag","note":"Project: sEEnergies: Quantification of Synergies between Energy Efficiency First Principle and Renewable Energy Systems","published":[{"raw":"2020-06-20T13:40:00.000+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2020-06-20T13:40:55.674+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T17:27:50.478+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42535"},{"id":"diva2:1441969","type":"report","issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"title":"Documentation on excess heat potentials of industrial sites including open data file with selected potentials : D5.1","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Fleiter","given":"Tobias","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe, Deutschland"}]},{"family":"Manz","given":"Pia","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe, Deutschland"}]},{"family":"Neuwirth","given":"Marius","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe, Deutschland"}]},{"family":"Mildner","given":"Felix","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe, Deutschland"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"876300","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS)"}]},{"family":"Kermeli","given":"Katerina","affiliation":[]},{"family":"Crijns-Graus","given":"Wina","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"family":"Rutten","given":"Cathelijne","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]}],"abstract":"Facilities of energy-intensive industries including those for the production of steel, cement, paper, glass, chemicals and others are spread across Europe. The combination of high flue gas temperatures, continuous operation and highly concentrated point sources make the excess heat from such industrial plants a very attractive source for district heating. Despite this, excess heat sources from industry are currently only rarely exploited and major potentials are being wasted. Here, we aim to contribute by providing the most detailed, comprehensive assessment of the excess heat potentials available for Europe. More specifically, we aim to analyse the available excess heat from heavy industry in Europe and assess its suitability for use in district heating systems. Our approach uses GIS-based mapping of 1608 industrial sites in Europe combined with a process-specific assessment of their excess heat potential. The heat sources are then matched with data on heat demand density and existing as well as potential district heating networks. The scope of this analysis covers the major industrial excess heat sources (large heavy industry facilities) and the most important excess heat streams: flue gases. Our results show a total potential of 425 PJ of excess heat available at a temperature of 95°C, with 960 PJ available at a lower temperature (25°C). This equals about 4% and 9% of total industrial final energy demand in 2015, respectively. Matching this potential with a GIS analysis of heat demand densities and current district heating systems reveals that 151 PJ of excess heat could be used within a 10km range at a temperature of 95°C, which is compatible with most existing district heating systems. As district heat today has a total final energy consumption of 1,945 PJ, this means that about 8% of district heating in the EU28 could be supplied by excess heat sources from energy-intensive industries.","DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.4785411","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42463","number-of-pages":"76","keyword":"Industrial excess heat; Heat recovery; District heating; European Union","published":[{"raw":"2020-06-16T15:19:00.000+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2020-06-16T15:19:04.447+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T17:28:32.960+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42463"},{"id":"diva2:1557314","type":"report","issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"title":"Online web map application and first set of map layers : D5.3","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Möller","given":"Bernd","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Wiechers","given":"Eva","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"876300","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS)"}]},{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Steffen","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Moreno","given":"Diana","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]}],"abstract":"The present report describes in overview how the Pan-European Thermal Atlas (Peta) was developed further into a spatial information system for the geography of energy efficiency potentials in the building, transport, and industry sectors, as well as the associated infrastructures. The resulting online atlas allows for visualisation of energy efficiency potentials between sectors in a common mapping environment. The additions and updates to the Pan-European Thermal Atlas (originally developed for the Heat Roadmap Europe projects) into a cross-sectoral mapping platform necessitated updates to the data layers, the layout, and the documentation. Layers with heat demand data from the building sector were updated, now to include all of the EU28, while a new map layer depicting the possible reduction of specific heat demand in buildings, as a measure of the current energy efficiency potential in this sector, is currently under development but not yet part of this deliverable (see sections 2.2 and 2.4 for further information). This new layer will be added to Peta 5.0.1 as soon as possible. For the transport and industry sectors, current year energy efficiency potentials were possible to assess and map in the present context. In the transport sector, findings were translated into geographical distributions of potentials and materialise as a set of geospatial map layers. In the industrial sector, energy efficiency in industry has been quantified partly for on-site energy savings, partly for off-site excess heat recovery in district heating systems, and the results have been turned into geographical representations in the form of energy efficiency surfaces. The Peta online mapping system is prepared to include further layers from future deliverables, such as thermal, gas, and electrical grids. Finally, the mapping of future scenarios will be made available using the present online mapping environment. ","DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.4785336","NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44465","number-of-pages":"26","publisher-place":"Aalborg","published":[{"raw":"2021-05-25T14:24:55.823+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2021-05-25T14:24:55.898+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T17:08:22.231+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44465"},{"id":"diva2:1651312","type":"report","issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"title":"Spatial models: Spatially adjusted energy efficiency potentials by sectors for current year scenario : D5.4","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Möller","given":"Bernd","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Wiechers","given":"Eva","affiliation":[{"name":"Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany"}]},{"family":"Persson","given":"Urban","ORCID":"0000-0001-9118-4375","localId":"urbper","affiliation":[{"id":"884000","name":"Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet"}]},{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Steffen","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"family":"Moreno","given":"Diana","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}]}],"NBN":"urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46645","number-of-pages":"20","note":"This report is of dissemination level type confidential (only for members of the consortium and the Commission Services) and is not publicly available","published":[{"raw":"2022-04-11T15:36:24.727+02:00"}],"created":[{"raw":"2022-04-11T15:36:24.802+02:00"}],"updated":[{"raw":"2025-10-01T16:44:45.061+02:00"}],"URL":"https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46645"}],"links":[{"type":"pid","link":"https://hh.diva-portal.org/smash/api/project/swecris/project:1939"}]}]