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  • 1.
    Alonso-Fernandez, Fernando
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Bigun, Josef
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Compact Multi-scale Periocular Recognition Using SAFE Features2016In: Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Washington: IEEE, 2016, p. 1455-1460, article id 7899842Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we present a new approach for periocular recognition based on the Symmetry Assessment by Feature Expansion (SAFE) descriptor, which encodes the presence of various symmetric curve families around image key points. We use the sclera center as single key point for feature extraction, highlighting the object-like identity properties that concentrates to this unique point of the eye. As it is demonstrated, such discriminative properties can be encoded with a reduced set of symmetric curves. Experiments are done with a database of periocular images captured with a digital camera. We test our system against reference periocular features, achieving top performance with a considerably smaller feature vector (given by the use of a single key point). All the systems tested also show a nearly steady correlation between acquisition distance and performance, and they are also able to cope well when enrolment and test images are not captured at the same distance. Fusion experiments among the available systems are also provided. © 2016 IEEE

  • 2.
    Alonso-Fernandez, Fernando
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Bigun, Josef
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Comparison and Fusion of Multiple Iris and Periocular Matchers Using Near-Infrared and Visible Images2015In: 3rd International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics, IWBF 2015, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2015, p. Article number: 7110234-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Periocular refers to the facial region in the eye vicinity. It can be easily obtained with existing face and iris setups, and it appears in iris images, so its fusion with the iris texture has a potential to improve the overall recognition. It is also suggested that iris is more suited to near-infrared (NIR) illu- mination, whereas the periocular modality is best for visible (VW) illumination. Here, we evaluate three periocular and three iris matchers based on different features. As experimen- tal data, we use five databases, three acquired with a close-up NIR camera, and two in VW light with a webcam and a dig- ital camera. We observe that the iris matchers perform better than the periocular matchers with NIR data, and the opposite with VW data. However, in both cases, their fusion can pro- vide additional performance improvements. This is specially relevant with VW data, where the iris matchers perform sig- nificantly worse (due to low resolution), but they are still able to complement the periocular modality. © 2015 IEEE.

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  • 3.
    Bigun, Josef
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Dense frequency maps by Structure Tensor and logarithmic scale space: application to forensic fingerprintsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Increasingly, reliable absolute frequency and orientation maps are needed, e.g. for image enhancement. Less studied is however the mutual dependence of both maps, and how to estimate them when none is known initially. We introduce a logarithmic scale space generated by the trace of Structure Tensor to study the relationship. The scale space is non-linear and absolute frequency estimation is reduced to an orientation estimation in it. We show that this offers significant advantages, including construction of efficient estimation methods, using Structure Tensor yielding dense maps of absolute frequency as well as orientation. In fingerprints, both maps can successively improve each other, combined in an image enhancement scheme via Gabor filtering. We verify that the suggested method compares favorably with state of the art, using forensic fingerprints recognition as test bed, and using test images where the ground truth is known. Furthermore, we suggest a novel continuous ridge counting method, relying only on dense absolute frequency and orientation maps, without ridge detection, thinning, etc. We present new evidence that the neighborhoods of the absolute frequency map are useful attributes of minutiae. In experiments, we use public data sets to support the conclusions.

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  • 4.
    Bigun, Josef
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS).
    Frequency map by Structure Tensor in Logarithmic Scale Space and Forensic Fingerprints2016In: PROCEEDINGS OF 29TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION WORKSHOPS, (CVPRW 2016), Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2016, p. 204-213, article id 7789522Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Increasingly, absolute frequency and orientation maps are needed, e.g. for forensics. We introduce a non-linear scale space via the logarithm of trace of the Structure Tensor. Therein, frequency estimation becomes an orientation estimation problem. We show that this offers significant advantages, including construction of efficient isotropic estimations of dense maps of frequency. In fingerprints, both maps are shown to improve each other in an enhancement scheme via Gabor filtering. We suggest a novel continuous ridge counting method, relying only on dense absolute frequency and orientation maps, without ridge detection, thinning, etc. Furthermore, we present new evidence that frequency maps are useful attributes of minutiae. We verify that the suggested method compares favorably with state of the art using forensic fingerprints as test bed, and test images where the ground truth is known. In evaluations, we use public data sets and published methods only.

  • 5.
    Bordag, Ljudmila A.
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), MPE-lab.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), MPE-lab.
    Models of self-financing hedging strategies in illiquid markets: Symmetry reductions and exact solutions2011In: Letters in Mathematical Physics, ISSN 0377-9017, E-ISSN 1573-0530, Vol. 96, no 1-3, p. 191-207Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study the general model of self-financing trading strategies inilliquid markets introduced by Schoenbucher and Wilmott, 2000.A hedging strategy in the framework of this model satisfies anonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) which contains somefunction g(alpha). This function is deep connected to anutility function.

    We describe the Lie symmetry algebra of this PDE and provide acomplete set of reductions of the PDE to ordinary differentialequations (ODEs). In addition we are able to describe all types offunctions g(alpha) for which the PDE admits an extended Liegroup. Two of three special type functions lead to modelsintroduced before by different authors, one is new. We clarify theconnection between these three special models and the generalmodel for trading strategies in illiquid markets. We study withthe Lie group analysis the new special case of the PDE describingthe self-financing strategies. In both, the general model and thenew special model, we provide the optimal systems of subalgebrasand study the complete set of reductions of the PDEs to differentODEs. In all cases we are able to provide explicit solutions tothe new special model. In one of the cases the solutions describepower derivative products.

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  • 6.
    Gottschlich, Carsten
    et al.
    University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Olsen, Martin Aastrup
    Norwegian Biometrics Laboratory, Gjøvik University College, Gjøvik, Norway.
    Bigun, Josef
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Busch, Christoph
    Norwegian Biometrics Laboratory, Gjøvik University College, Gjøvik, Norway.
    Improving Fingerprint Alteration Detection2015In: 2015 9th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis (ISPA) / [ed] Sven Lončarić, Dick Lerski, Hannu Eskola, Robert Bregović, IEEE, 2015, p. 83-86Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fingerprint alteration is a type of presentation attack in which the attacker strives to avoid identification, e.g. at border control or in forensic investigations. As a countermeasure, fingerprint alteration detection aims to automatically discover the occurrence of such attacks by classifying fingerprint images as ’normal’ or ’altered’. In this paper, we propose four new features for improving the performance of fingerprint alteration detection modules. We evaluate the usefulness of these features on a benchmark and compare them to four existing features from the literature. © Copyright 2015 IEEE - All rights reserved.

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  • 7.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Compact orientation and frequency estimation with applications in biometrics: Biometrics on the orientation express2015Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Automatic feature extraction still remains a relevant image and signal processing problem even tough both the field and technologies are developing rapidly. Images of low quality, where it is extremely difficult to reliably process image information automatically, are of special interest. To such images we can refer forensic fingerprints, which are left unintentionally on different surfaces andare contaminated by several of the most difficult noise types. For this reason, identification of fingerprints is mainly based on the visual skills of forensic examiners. We address the problem caused by low quality in fingerprints by connecting different sources of information together, yielding dense frequency and orientation maps in an iterative scheme. This scheme comprises smoothing ofthe original, but only along, ideally never across, the ridges. Reliable estimation of dense maps allows to introduce a continuous fingerprint ridge counting technique. In fingerprint scenario the collection of irrefutable tiny details, e.g. bifurcation of ridges, called minutiae, is used to tie the pattern of such points and their tangential directions to the finger producing the pattern. This limited feature set, location and direction of minutiae, is used in current AFIS systems, while fingerprint examiners use the extended set of features, including the image information between the points. With reasonably accurate estimationsof dense frequency and orientation maps at hand, we have been able to propose a novel compact feature descriptor of arbitrary points. We have used these descriptors to show that the image information between minutiae can be extracted automatically and be valuable for identity establishment of forensic images even if the underlying images are noisy. We collect and compress the image information in the neighborhoods of the fine details, such as minutiae, to vectors, one per minutia, and use the vectors to "color" the minutiae. When matching two patterns (of minutiae) even the color of the minutia must match to conclude that they come from the same identity. This feature development has been concentrated and tested on forensic fingerprint images. However, we have also studied an extension of its application area to other biometrics, periocular regions of faces. This allowed us to test the persistence of automatically extracted features across different types of imagesand image qualities, supporting its generalizability.

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  • 8.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Alonso-Fernandez, Fernando
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Bigun, Josef
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Keypoint Description by Symmetry Assessment–Applications in BiometricsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a model-based feature extractor to describe neighborhoods around keypoints by finite expansion, estimating the spatially varying orientation by harmonic functions. The iso-curves of such functions are highly symmetric w.r.t. the origin (a keypoint) and the estimated parameters have well defined geometric interpretations. The origin is also a unique singularity of all harmonic functions, helping to determine thel ocation of a keypoint precisely, whereas the functions describe the object shape of the neighborhood. This is novel and complementary to traditional texture features which describe texture shape properties i.e. they are purposively invariant to translation (within a texture). We report on experiments of verification and identification of keypoints in forensic fingerprints by using publicly available data (NIST SD27), and discuss the results in comparison to other studies. These support our conclusions that the novel features can equip single cores or single minutia with a significant verification power at 19% EER, and an identification power of 24-78% for ranks of 1-20. Additionally, we report verification results of periocular biometrics using near infrared images, reaching an EER performance of 13%, whichis comparable to the state of the art. More importantly, fusion of two systems, our and texture features (Gabor), result in a measurable performance improvement. We report reduction ofthe EER to 9%, supporting the view that the novel features capture relevant visual

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  • 9.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Alonso-Fernandez, Fernando
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Bigun, Josef
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Periocular Recognition by Detection of Local Symmetry Patterns2014In: Proceedings: Tenth International Conference on Signal-Image Technology and Internet-Based System: 23–27 November 2014: Marrakech, Morocco / [ed] Kokou Yetongnon, Albert Dipanda & Richard Chbeir, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society, 2014, p. 584-591Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a new system for biometric recognition using periocular images. The feature extraction method employed describes neighborhoods around keypoints by projection onto harmonic functions which estimates the presence of a series of various symmetric curve families around such keypoints. The iso-curves of such functions are highly symmetric w.r.t. the keypoints and the estimated coefficients have well defined geometric interpretations. The descriptors used are referred to as Symmetry Assessment by Feature Expansion (SAFE). Extraction is done across a set of discrete points of the image, uniformly distributed in a rectangular-shaped grid positioned in the eye center. Experiments are done with two databases of iris data, one acquired with a close-up iris camera, and another in visible light with a webcam. The two databases have been annotated manually, meaning that the radius and center of the pupil and sclera circles are available, which are used as input for the experiments. Results show that this new system has a performance comparable with other periocular recognition approaches. We particularly carry out comparative experiments with another periocular system based on Gabor features extracted from the same set of grid points, with the fusion of the two systems resulting in an improved performance. We also evaluate an iris texture matcher, providing fusion results with the periocular systems as well.

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  • 10.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Bigun, Josef
    Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Frequency and ridge estimation using structure tensor2013In: Proceedings of Biometric Technologies in Forensic Science: Nijmegen, 14–15 October 2013, Nijmegen: Radboud University Nijmegen , 2013, p. 58-59Conference paper (Refereed)
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    mikaelyan2013ridge
  • 11.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), Intelligent systems (IS-lab).
    Bigun, Josef
    Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), Intelligent systems (IS-lab).
    Ground truth and evaluation for latent fingerprint matching2012In: 2012 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, CVPRW 2012, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society, 2012, p. 83-88Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In forensic fingerprint studies annotated databases is important for evaluating the performance of matchers as well as for educating fingerprint experts. We have estab- lished ground truths of minutia level correspondences for the publicly available NIST SD27 data set, whose minutia have been extracted by forensic fingerprint experts. We per- formed verification tests with two publicly available minutia matchers, Bozorth3 and k-plet, yielding Equal Error Rates of 36% and 40% respectively, suggesting that they have sim- ilar (poor) ability to separate a client from an impostor in latent versus tenprint queries. However, in an identifica- tion scenario, we found performance advantage of k-plet over Bozorth3, suggesting that the former can rank the sim- ilarities of fingerprints better. Regardless of the matcher, the general poor performance is a confirmation of previous findings related to latent vs tenprint matching. A finding influencing future practice is that the minutia level match- ing errors in terms of FA and FR may not be balanced (not equally good) even if FA and FR have been chosen to be so at finger level.

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    Ground truth and evaluation for latent fingerprint matching
  • 12.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Bigun, Josef
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    SAFE features for matching fingermarks by neighbourhoods of single minutiae2014In: 2014 14th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE Press, 2014, p. 181-185, article id 7011896Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Symmetry Assessment by Finite Expansion (SAFE) is a novel description of image information by means of Generalized Structure Tensor. It represents orientation data in neighbourhood of key points projected onto the space of harmonic functions creating a geometrically interpretable feature of low dimension. The proposed feature has built in quality metrics reflecting accuracy of the extracted feature and ultimately the quality of the key point. The feature vector is orientation invariant in that it is orientation steerable with low computational cost. We provide experiments on minutia key points of forensic fingerprints to demonstrate its usefulness. Matching is performed based on minutia in regions with high orientation variance, e.g. in proximity of core points. Performance of single matching minutia equals to 20% EER and Rank-20 CMC 69% on the only publicly available annotated forensic fingerprint SD27 database.

    Further, we complement SAFE descriptors of orientation maps with SAFE descriptors of frequency features in a similar manner. In case of combined features the performance is improved further to 19% EER and 74% Rank-20 CMC. © 2014 IEEE.

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    mikaelyan14min
  • 13.
    Mikaelyan, Anna
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Bigun, Josef
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), CAISR - Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research.
    Symmetry Assessment by Finite Expansion: application to forensic fingerprints2014In: 2014 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG) / [ed] Arslan Brömme & Christoph Busch, Bonn: Gesellschaft für Informatik, 2014, p. 87-98Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Common image features have too poor information for identification of forensic images of fingerprints, where only a small area of the finger is imaged and hence a small amount of key points are available. Noise, nonlinear deformation, and unknown rotation are additional issues that complicate identification of forensic fingerprints. We propose a feature extraction method which describes image information around key points: Symmetry Assessment by Finite Expansion (SAFE). The feature set has built-in quality estimates as well as a rotation invariance property. The theory is developed for continuous space, allowing compensation for features directly in the feature space when images undergo such rotation without actually rotating them. Experiments supporting that use of these features improves identification of forensic fingerprint images of the public NIST SD27 database are presented. Performance of matching orientation information in a neighborhood of core points has an EER of 24% with these features alone, without using minutiae constellations, in contrast to 36% when using minutiae alone. Rank-20 CMC is 58%, which is lower than 67% when using notably more manually collected minutiae information.

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