The project Open and Self Organizing Mechanisms for Sustainable Mobility as a Service (OSMaaS) ran between 2020 and 2024, hosted by Halmstad University and funded by The Knowledge Foundation. The project was a collaboration between researchers from service design, design ethnography, business model innovation, and intelligent systems, and the companies Volvo Cars, WirelessCar, Polestar, and Devoteam. One of the project’s outputs is the OSMaaS Service Design Framework that integrates research from the different activities in the project into a toolkit for service designers. This booklet provides a guide for how to apply the framework. Each canvas can be used standalone or in any order, but our experience is that the framework is most powerful when following the design process presented here. The canvases can be downloaded from the OSMaaS webpage and are free to use. 

Urban Living Labs (ULL) have become a common way to address wicked design challenges within the future mobility, and smart city context. The move toward ULL is part of a paradigm shift away from focusing purely on the IT-artifact, innovation, and user-centeredness toward focusing on the urban context and the construction of a place as a social context rather than implementation of a product or service in isolation.

This shift requires diverse sets of stakeholders with different backgrounds to come together to address wicked design challenges collaboratively tied to specific urban contexts. However, the change toward ULLs also brings unique qualities to collaborations. For example, it is often hard to generalize or transfer findings from one ULL to another. In addition, it requires new modes of thinking and acting concerning the value of bottomup approaches anchored in context.

Therefore, a core challenge for impactful work in an ULL, is to find ways to retain stakeholders’ local engagements and ways of doing collaborative design beyond the ULL project to create ripple effects. This thesis tweaks this challenge into a question that aims at investigating what a locally contextualized ULL set-up means for the involved stakeholders from a participatory perspective by asking: How can we understand engagement in ULL co-design, and how can this engagement be retained beyond the Living Lab? The question was explored through a design ethnographic approach in a ULL, where citizens, city representatives, car manufacturers, and representatives from public transport worked together to explore future mobility services. The research question is addressed through a description of how stakeholder engagement played out in the ULL along with an analysis of the dynamics of co-design as a co-appropriation process within the ULL, which enabled stakeholders to engage in a social context across sectors and disciplines to co-learn ways of appropriating findings from the ULL as an explorative way of working. Co-appropriation is described as a process moving from acclimatization towards cogitation in co-design, with patching as an activity that supports the process. The thesis also elaborates on how findings from a ULL can be retained and scaled beyond the Living Lab through transformation games, as an example of a patching activity.

Facilitating distributed co-creative activities within an innovation process involving multi-stakeholder perspectives such as diverse user groups, designers and organizational representatives is a challenging task. The distance on a conceptual level between participants has the potential to lead to both barriers and opportunities for co-creative activities, while also changing the role of the facilitator. The paper aim to explore this phenomenon further through the research question: How can facilitators work towards bridging conceptual distance between stakeholders in distributed multi-stakeholder co-creative innovation processes?’

The researcher investigated the work of facilitators within a co-creative innovation process of user generated content services with the media industry through a case study. A theoretical framework centered around communities of practice and boundary spanning were used to gain an understanding of the facilitators work. The study concludes that the development of a shared language, use of boundary objects to aid translation and outer-level brokering before and during innovation activities are important processes that a facilitator use to decrease conceptual distance.

Digitization and contemporary use of social media platforms is changing how we perceive and use IT, both in organizations and as citizens or consumers. These developments have also transformed and changed many industries, bringing both opportunities and challenges. One industry that was affected by digitization relatively early is the media industry, leading to studies on online journalism, gatekeeping, reader interaction and other changing practices enabled by IT.

This study attempts to highlight the IT infrastructure behind the changing practice to understand the relationship between the IT and the use. Through an online ethnography, this paper investigates the use of social media platforms in the newspaper industry. The findings indicate that newspapers either use an integration strategy, where they relinquish control over the feature to the social media platform, or an appropriation strategy where they take the integration a step further, to have the social media platform work for them. 

The design space of Future Mobility Services is a wicked problem. Wicked problems are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty and many competing perspectives and interests that must be aligned in order to solve. Therefore, the design of future mobility services tends to require collaborations between private partners, the public sector, and citizens to come to fruition, often with competing goals and value systems. Recent years have shown a growing interest in using Living Lab methodology to address these types of wicked problems, and even though progress has been made, there still remains challenges concerning how to engage citizens in co-creation and alignment of stakeholders. This paper investigates how future workshops can be used to generate a framework rooted in the context of citizens, and how this framework can be used as a point of departure fo co-creation in multi-stakeholder settings in order to address wicked problems. The future workshops were organized in Sweden, in two communities which are seldomly emphasized in mobility service research; the first a peri-urban area on the outskirts of a large city and the second an urban area within a city with a heterogeneous set of citizens in terms of cultural background and income status. The framework was derived from an analysis highlighting Resilience, Opportunity and Community, as important themes to bring into the discussions when co-creating future mobility services. The framework, in turn, can then help in creating a bridge between citizens and align other stakeholders, when grounding work in a situated context. © 2022 The Author(s)

Co-creation and open innovation is changing the context for virtual work and the role of culture in boundary spanning. Organizations that are opening up to embrace a more open way of innovating often meet heterogeneous stakeholders. Culture in IS research is often analyzed on an organizational level, however, boundary spanning in innovation work calls for theorizing culture on several levels. This study addresses the role of culture in a boundary spanning innovation project within the newspaper industry where end-users and newspaper representatives collaborated to design a new e-service.We apply grid-group theory to unfold the complexity of virtual open innovation and conclude that stakeholders from both inside and outside the organization need to cross cultural boundaries to align themselves with other actors in order to help facilitate collaboration. The findings indicate that boundary spanners move between cultural positions based on differing cultural values in relation to other involved stakeholders.

The news media ecosystem has expanded over the years leading up to today’s society to include advertisers, newspapers and other media houses, content producers, along with new players like social media platforms to together form a value packed mix of services for end-users to embrace. The shift from being a dominant platform owner concerning the printed paper, often with its own distribution network, presents the newspaper with many challenges when transforming into, or entering other platform owners’ ecosystems. While previous research has mainly focused on the newspaper industry’s development of strategies for embracing social media into their ecosystem, this study investigates newspaper workers’ social media usage for the purpose of attracting attention and generating value. The study of newspaper workers’ practices shows that, moving into digital platforms controlled by other dominant actors in the ecosystem, workers enact a tactical approach. Two tactics are identified: adaption and exploitation. The paper contributes with empirical insights into how newspaper workers develop practices to embrace social media that goes beyond previous research on social media strategy. We also apply the theory of everyday tactics developed by Michel de Certeau as a scaffold to theorize newspaper positioning in the rapidly changing news media landscape.

The design space of future mobility services is considered a wicked problem, as many stakeholders from the public and private sectors need to collaborate to create sustainable future services. Recent years have shown a growing interest in utilizing urban living labs (ULL) and similar quadruple helix approaches toward addressing wicked design challenges. However, when engaging in co-creation through living labs, many actors also see potential in adapting methodology and new ways-of-doing, to appropriate it and improve readiness for tackling other wicked challenges. The article draws upon a ULL initiative in the mobility service context to explore the main challenges for ULL partners to retain the ways-of-doing that develops in co-creation activities. Through our study, we identified that cocreation needs to be grounded in the known, to facilitate search and co-appropriation of the unknown as key for retaining ways-of-doing in ULL initiatives.

This paper presents a user driven approach to creating user generated content services together with newspaper representatives and researchers in a Living Lab setting. Two cases are discussed, one with creating city district blogs and one with creating a site for un-employed youth. In each case both situated and distributed design activities were conducted, and the paper discusses the challenges with this approach. As the newspaper industry traditionally designs their services in-house from their own ideas and thereafter tests them with their readers, a user driven approach by readers was very challenging. However, the newspaper representatives also found it rewarding to embrace their ideas. The participating readers were very active in the situated activities but only a few continued the same activity online. The paper concludes by proposing a model for how to view the changing role of a researcher or facilitator in these types of setting. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

In this paper, we identify challenges of involving different stakeholders in distributed co-creative open innovation processes and discuss how these challenges can be handled. In the LoCoMedia project, researchers, newspaper representatives and readers/users have co-created innovative user generated content (UGC) services. With a Living Lab approach with the user in focus in a real life setting, we have experimented with different ways of involving different stakeholders in nine experimental UGC projects. The study concludes that careful recruitment, face to face meetings as a compliment to online activities, heterogeneous participant groups, feedback and careful selection of a flexible online platform is important aspects for involving different stakeholders in co-creating innovative processes. © 2012 IEEE.

Urban Living Labs (ULL) is increasingly applied to tackle wicked design challenges in smart cities and smart mobility contexts. A persisting challenge for ULLs in urban contexts is creating engagement and scale research insights and design findings. Drawing on a case study concerned with the co-design of future mobility services where private and public sectors collaborated to explore future mobility in two different user communities, we explore co-design and scaling dynamics on the micro-level from a participatory infrastructure perspective. Based on the findings, we introduce the concepts of patching and cogitation. Cogitation is defined as a reflective state, which revolves around the act of embracing co-design methods and logic to address a design challenge. Patching is described as an activity that aids in scaling findings and insights from ULLs to support cogitation within the ULL, and the sustaining of findings into other contexts. We argue that the concepts of patching and cogitation can help researchers and practitioners understand the micro-dynamics of engaged co-design and scaling dynamics and provide support when planning, managing, and analysing participatory infrastructures such as ULLs. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Halmstad Living Lab has extended experience of working closely with end-users in cocreation projects and has, during recent years, started to experiment more and more with social software and other online software programs to include users in the innovation process. In this paper we draw upon our experiences as a Living Lab to generate a framework that details key criteria for implementation of social software in a Living Lab setting. The framework can be used to guide successful implementation of social software in co-creation projects and to help evaluate or assess proposed solutions to be used in a Living Lab setting to support user involvement.

Managing successful digital innovation processes is a challenging task, especially when it involves heterogeneous actors with different sets of knowledge. By gaining a better understanding of how different architectural layers of digital technology interplay with digital innovation, we can be better prepared for managing the complex and messy processes that often arise when working with digital innovation. In this article, we therefore ask: How does the layered architecture of digital technology interplay with digital innovation processes? A case study approach was selected to studied events involving multiple actors in an innovation and development project called the Smart Lock project. The theoretical basis for our study is digital innovation from the perspective of knowledge exchange and relationships. A temporal bracketing strategy was used to support a process analysis of the case data. The article primarily contributes to the body of research concerning digital innovation and provides an example to practitioners of how digital innovation processes can be coordinated and managed based on the innovation at hand.

It is hard to predict the impact of technology on society before it is developed enough. For example, the issue can be attributed to the need for more cross-sectoral collaboration in the design process. However, a solution for anticipating such outcomes has been proposed through the quadruple helix innovation model, which states that the involvement of government, academia, industry, and the public is essential in innovation systems. The question of how this collaboration can successfully be staged to foresee possible impacts is an empirical endeavour. This paper presents an iterative case study of how ethnographic material can be used to ongoingly tailor speculative co-creation to facilitate responsible innovation (RI) principles. The result is reflected through two lenses; the tools developed in the project to facilitate co-creation activities and the stakeholder reflections evoked through these tools.

It is hard to predict the impact of technology on society before it is developed enough. For example, the issue can be attributed to the need for more cross-sectoral collaboration in the design process. However, a solution for anticipating such outcomes has been proposed through the quadruple helix innovation model, which states that the involvement of government, academia, industry, and the public is essential in innovation systems. The question of how this collaboration can successfully be staged to foresee possible impacts is an empirical endeavour. This paper presents an iterative case study of how ethnographic material can be used to ongoingly tailor speculative co-creation to facilitate responsible innovation (RI) principles. The result is reflected through two lenses; the tools developed in the project to facilitate co-creation activities and the stakeholder reflections evoked through these tools. © 2023 29th Annual Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2023. All rights reserved.

Human approaches to the future of urban mobility in everyday contexts are urgently required if we are to develop sustainable human futures in mobility. A requirement in meeting this challenge will be transdisciplinary and long-term engagement with a broad range of stakeholders and communities, in order to negotiate and align opportunities, values, and desires for social change (Fors et al., 2022). In this chapter we argue that we can address this challenge by applying participatory human approaches that place the values, everyday practices, and environments of people at the centre of design. The chapter presents the development of a participatory and design anthropological methodology for future urban mobility through a project involving sustained engagement with industry, municipalities, and local communities in Sweden. Based on two consecutive projects grounded in two contrasting suburban areas in Sweden and involving long-term, iterative multi-stakeholder collaborations, the chapter provides a transferable methodology for developing automated future mobility in diverse contexts, communities, and environments, through socially sustainable transformation. © 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Social media are becoming an increasingly relevant channel for user involvement. However, their uptake in Living Labs environments, as a means to engage users in innovation processes, is still limited. The aim of this paper is to explore challenges and opportunities related to the usage of social media for user involvement in co-creative processes, The findings presented emerge both from the available literature and case studies, and emphasise four different dimensions influencing user engagement: facilitator, community, platform and innovation process. Based on these dimensions, the authors propose a basic framework, intended as the point of departure for taking the next step toward the construction and verification of theoretical constructs that can help inform and guide future innovation projects.

Searching for "The Internet of Things" may render thousands of hits in academic databases but a challenge still remains: to let students envision as well as work with the concept in a practical way. Designing "Things for the Internet" will not only require skills in engineering and electronics but also some understanding of digital service design and business models. This paper reports on work in progress between Belgium, Sweden and China. Students with different education backgrounds and levels hand over work (ideas) to others, to develop further. Currently, there are nine open-platform exercises to use as starting points for student work and discussions. Exercises are in English and free to download and use, as are some of the lectures related to them. So far, they are used in a digital service design class and in an introductory course in embedded systems. © 2017 IEEE.

Internet of Things (IoT) seems to be a popular term nowadays, for business, society and teaching alike. Teaching students about such concepts and more importantly, making them aware of the many competency components (often called KSA-knowledge, skills, abilities) required in the development of IoT systems, services and products has been a major aim in the teaching design presented in this paper. The snowball metaphor symbolizes added layers of input, comments and suggestions delivered by Belgian, Swedish and Chinese students respectively, to peers with different backgrounds (study level, subject major, etc.). Open-platform exercises using Arduino kits are used as starting points and reports. Conceptualizations and suggestions are carried through the snowball ’chain’, which ends nearly two years later. Knowledge components are delivered e.g. through lectures. Among skills developed are practice in receiving input from and delivering output to groups different also in culture, knowledge, etc. Abilities include a demonstrated (and graded) proficiency in combining the acquired set of components, as demonstrated in workshops, discussions and reports, and in a proposed feedback loop to Sweden from China (not yet implemented). © 2017 IEEE.

In this paper we present a two year long interpretative case study based on a Living Lab project. The case study is used to in retrospect investigate cognitive and social translation in a doubly distributed innovation network. By identifying and empirically exemplify how translations occurred, we present insights of how to support cognitive and social translations in these kind of networks. Using the concepts from Yoo et al. (2009) we explore the research question: how can cognitive and social translation be supported in Living Labs? Based on the findings we conclude that Living Labs can support heterogeneous set of actors and knowledge resources by supporting cognitive translation with techniques such as scenarios, mock-ups and prototypes. By working with an iterative process the involved actors can be supported to materialize prior and new knowledge which can be translated between different communities of actors. By setting up and providing a common ground a trading zone can be established supporting the social translations within the network by offering a space where negotiation of interests and alignment of perspectives can be facilitated.

This paper discusses user contribution in innovation processes from a Living Lab perspective. In this paper we focus on methods and techniques for user contribution in innovation processes by discussing our own experiences based on 100 activities conducted within four different research projects over a period of five years. The purpose of this paper is to discuss our experiences of methods and techniques for user contribution in innovation processes, in relation Living Labs, as well as to: a) phase in the innovation process, b) kind of user contribution and c) type of users. Our contribution is threefold, we have: (1) theoretically modified the CIC model to better suit a Living Lab milieu, (2) empirically discussed methods and techniques for user contribution in relation to the modified model, and (3) identified several issues regarding different kinds of user contribution and types of users that need to be considered in Living Labs. © 2010 IEEE.

This paper discusses user contribution in innovation processes from a Living Labperspective. We view Living Lab as a milieu in which specific methods are used to involvedifferent stakeholders in open innovation processes to create and validate IT-products andservices in a real world setting. The involvement of different stakeholders is of particular importance in a Living Lab to secure the development of usable products and services. In thispaper we focus on methods and techniques for user contribution in innovation processes by discussing our own experiences based on 100 activities conducted within four differentresearch projects. The purpose of this paper is to discuss our experiences of methods andtechniques for user contribution in relation to three different aspects: a) phase in the innovation process, b) kind of user contribution and c) type of users, all in relation to a Living Lab perspective. We conclude that there is a need to translate face to face methods and techniques to distributed user involvement activities to be able to scale up and use these in a Living Lab setting.

Developing tailored digital interventions for exercise motivation by applying behavioral theory into existing web services in cooperation with the e-health industry could create a mutual base for experience exchange and practical implications. It could also add higher standards to e-health business by providing a scientifically sound and trustworthy foundation for digital solutions. This project aims to design an interactive tool grounded in sport and exercise psychology and combined with the latest expertise from information technology and innovation science, considering e-health industrial requirements and user needs. A main objective is to test the efficacy of using Self-Determination Theory (SDT) in designing, constructing and evaluating an exercise intervention. The digital intervention is based on a literature review mapping exercise motivation related to self-determination theory, complemented by qualitative cross-disciplinary interaction design methodologies, such as qualitative analysis of interviews and contextual observation capturing participant goals, behaviour, preferences, attitudes and frustrations. Intervention contents are essentially autonomy supportive structures, goal-setting support and relapse prevention, self-regulation structures, health information and web links. In February 2015 the intervention prototype will be pilot tested in a randomized controlled trial (RCT), involving existing members and clients (N > 10 000) of two health service companies. Outcomes relate to self-determined exercise motivation (The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale and The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2) and exercise behaviour, measured both by self-report measures (Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire) and step counters. The RCT contains three measure points in order to allow advanced analyses of change and mechanisms based on the SDT-process model and motivational profiles. Latent growth curve and structural equation models will primarily be used to analyse data. This pilot study will create a baseline for elaboration into a second phase, were the digital tool will be further developed and longitudinally tested and evaluated over a nine months period. © 2015 University of Bern, Institut of Sport Science