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  • 1.
    Cano, Vitor
    et al.
    University of São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    Halmstad University, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability.
    de Souza, Theo Syrto Octavio
    University of São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
    Penteado, Eduardo Dellosso
    Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil.
    Novel bioelectrochemical processes focused on nitrogen in wastewater: Energy generation and resource recovery2023In: Water Management and Circular Economy / [ed] Miltiadis G. Zamparas; Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2023, 1, p. 233-272Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The discharge of nitrogen into nature results in environmental degradation and public health problems. Conventional processes applied in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for nitrogen removal have high energy demand and chemical consumption. Hence, this chapter addresses the recent research development about more sustainable approaches involving bioelectrochemical systems (BES) focused on nitrogen. Among the content are novel and meaningful insights towards the main factors controlling nitrogen oxidation, reduction, and separation/recovery; potential applications in WWTP; limiting factors; and contributions towards the circular economy principles. Despite there are limiting factors such as costly materials, lack of knowledge on microbial ecology, and low removal rates, the current generated in autotrophic nitrifying and denitrifying BES ranges from 1.2 to 1175 mA/m2 and 14 to 371 A/m3, respectively. This can potentially increase WWTPs self-sufficiency in terms of energy and external carbon. Alternatively, nitrogen can be recovered in BES (struvite, NH4HCO3 crystals or NH4OH), but improvements in ammonia separation across ion exchange membranes are necessary. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
    Evaluation of decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment systems as alternative to environmental impacts and indication of sustainable solution for water conservation in cities2017In: Proceedings of the Regional Workshop Wastewater Treatment and Reuse for Metropolitan Regions and Small Cities in Developing Countries: September 11-17, 2016 - Recife, Brazil / [ed] Edmilson Santos de Lima, Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag, 2017, 1, p. 28-37Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Millennium Development Goals aim to achieve the sustainable development and to contribute improving access to water supply, sanitation, and energy, and to reduce hunger in the world. Energy and water are essential resources for food production, however, are becoming scarce. In this context an integration of the complete water management cycle includes water conservation and reclamation, storage of reclaimed water and rainwater, and wastewater treatment mainly in decentralized models. Wastewater treatment systems can generate products such as: renewable energy, fertilizers and water. This study focuses on the relations between wastewater treatment systems and its environmental impacts, besides to indicate potential solutions. In addition, it is also presented results from an experimental greywater treatment system operated at the university. The objective of this study was to address some Brazilian experiences of centralized wastewater treatment plant (large scale) and decentralized wastewater treatment plant (small scale). We expect that the results of this study can offer a review of strategies of wastewater treatment to implement in urban areas in Brazil, and to create subsidies for the planning of new wastewater treatment plants with low environmental impacts, including sustainable solutions (e.g., water reuse).

  • 3.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden; University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Resource recovery from wastewater treatment: challenges, opportunities and guidance for planning and implementation2021Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Considering the current resources scarcity, Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) should be adapted to become more sustainable. For example, it is possible to recover resources present in municipal wastewater. However, regional studies about integration of resource recovery processes at different scales or about the main barriers to implementation in developing countries are missing in the literature. Also, there is a need for planning methodologies to identify the most sustainable solution in each context. Understanding the current situation is an essential step to support planning and accelerate resource recovery implementation. To address these issues this thesis aims to guide planning, technology and policy development towards resource recovery from municipal WWTP in large cities of developing countries. This thesis presents a comprehensive knowledge base for wastewater treatment plant managers and decision-makers leading to a better understanding of resource recovery solutions and the actions needed to facilitate implementation. The methodology comprised critical literature reviews and two case studies. Secondary data from literature and primary data (obtained through questionnaires) were collected and analysed. Megacities in developing countries are analysed in the papers, with the focus on the Macrometropolis of Sao Paulo, which is the most populous area in the Southern Hemisphere. The current situation shows a low implementation of resource recovery practices in the region, and local conditions affect the implementation of water reuse, and nutrients and energy recovery. A framework consisting of eleven steps is proposed to support planning and decision-making on resource recovery from wastewater. This new tool was tested and can be applied by decision-makers in wastewater sector for better operation and management. Market, legislation, local economic development, and cooperation with stakeholders are relevant aspects covered in the analysis. There is a great potential to expand wastewater treatment integrated with nutrient and energy recovery strategies in developing countries. Potentials for phosphorus and energy recovery were estimated and some recovery scenarios are recommended. In conclusion, the findings can help planning and elaboration of resource recovery projects in wastewater treatment in urban areas and stimulate creation of public policies. The main research gaps identified in this thesis can guide further research and technological development in this field.

  • 4.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    et al.
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden; University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    de M. de Souza, Fernanda
    University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Scholz, Miklas
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden; University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Nolasco, Marcelo A.
    University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    A Framework for Sustainable Planning and Decision-Making on Resource Recovery from Wastewater: Showcase for São Paulo Megacity2020In: Water, E-ISSN 2073-4441, Vol. 12, no 12, article id 3466Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Currently, it is important to develop strategic frameworks to support the selection of sustainable resource recovery solutions. This study applies a new framework for planning, implementation, and assessment of resource recovery strategies for a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in São Paulo megacity. The framework comprises several steps based on case study-specific data and information from current literature. Data were collected from various sources: a survey with a wastewater treatment utility, national and regional databases, and review of local regulations and international literature. Treatment configuration, wastewater and by-products composition, potential demand (for water, energy, and phosphorus), stakeholder identification, and local legislation were thoroughly discussed regarding decision-making on resource recovery. Scenario analysis was used to explore suitable nutrient and energy recovery measures based on indicators. Biogas recovery and sewage sludge composting showed more favorable conditions due to similar experiences in the area and robust legislation. The proposed framework is a simplified tool, and its application can support managers to get information on resource recovery and how to plan such initiatives in easier ways to facilitate wiser decision-making, and better operation and management. The results on framework use and refinement can guide potential applications in other contexts and stimulate public policy formulation and further research.

  • 5.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    et al.
    University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
    Fernandes Torres de Souza, Jhonathan
    University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
    Felipe Simões, André
    Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
    Avaliação Comparativa Entre Veículos Elétricos E Veículos Convencionais No Contexto De Mitigação Das Mudanças Climáticas2019In: Revista Gestão & Sustentabilidade Ambiental, ISSN 2238-8753, Vol. 8, no 1, p. 127-148Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Currently, the electric vehicles (EV) have been considered as the future trend in the automotive industry. Among the countries’ motivations for this are: reducing the dependence on oil and its derivatives, promoting more efficient energy use and causing lower environmental impacts, especially those related to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Hybrid and Electric vehicles do not represent a recent technological invention; however these vehicles account to a marginal contribution in the vehicle history since 30’s decade. Moreover, it is worth to note that EV is not released from environmental impacts, mainly through its production phase. In this paper, we expect to contribute with information about the characteristics of EV’s environmental performance in comparison with conventional vehicles powered by internal combustion engine, analyzing which are their advantages and disadvantages, the environmental impacts caused through all the life cycle and how this technology could contribute to mitigate the climate change. In addition, it is also discussed the impacts of the electric and hybrid vehicles expansion on the final energy demand. In   

  • 6.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability. University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.
    Mattsson, Marie
    Halmstad University, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability.
    Ulvenblad, Pia
    Halmstad University, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability.
    Perception and awareness of circular economy within water-intensive and bio-based sectors: Understanding, benefits and barriers2024In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 464, article id 142725Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Perception and awareness can affect behaviour and decision-making, for example, how companies implement Circular Economy (CE) practices. However, there is limited empirical research about this topic. Thus, we investigated the perception and awareness of representatives from water-intensive and bio-based sectors regarding the CE concept based on interviews and a survey with 10 companies in Sweden. Our results indicate that CE is understood mainly as zero waste and its key principles are resource efficiency and ecodesign. Missing (or partially addressed) important elements of CE are consumption, social aspects, regenerative role of CE, collaboration, and Industrial Symbiosis. The main benefit from implementing circular strategies is economic, and the main barrier is the lack of financial resources. The bio-based companies have a broader understanding of CE and its benefits than the water-intensive companies. Overall, more clarification and standardisation of the CE concept is necessary to avoid misunderstanding with other concepts such as sustainability. © 2024 The Authors

  • 7.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability.
    Mattsson, Marie
    Halmstad University, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability.
    Ulvenblad, Pia
    Halmstad University, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability.
    The underrepresented key elements of Circular Economy: A critical review of assessment tools and a guide for action2023In: Sustainable Production and Consumption, ISSN 2352-5509, Vol. 35, p. 539-558Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The measurement of progress towards Circular Economy (CE) within a company is crucial for identifying opportunities and designing circular practices. However, most of the existing tools do not consider the systemic view and principles of CE. The aim of this paper is to assess the contributions and limitations of CE assessment tools regarding the key elements: social dimension, stakeholder engagement, R-imperatives and industrial symbiosis. Also, the aim is to offer guidance for improvements towards a CE transition. The methodology was an integrative literature review; then based on the critical assessment of tools a guide was created. Thirty-eight tools were thoroughly analysed and our results show that there is a limited number of multidisciplinary tools (only 10), that is including all CE key elements, and in some cases partly. Social dimension is not fully explored; only 6 tools have indicators related to society, local community, customers, and workers. Recommendations for future tools development include to offer training for possible users of the tools and to develop tools for the service sector. Finally, we conclude that all the key elements of CE are interconnected. The proposed guide-ACTION (Assessing Circular Transition In Organisations Now)- includes the key elements, databases, tools, and indicators, and is aligned with the CE principles to help the assessment. © 2022 The Author(s)

  • 8.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    et al.
    University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
    Nolasco, Marcelo Antunes
    University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
    Greywater treatment using a moving bed biofilm reactor at a university campus in Brazil2017In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 142, no Part 1, p. 290-296Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Water reuse can contribute as an important approach and practice to the reduction of the pressures on water resources lowering the demand for potable water for purposes that do not require water's high quality. However the greywater reuse has been rarely applied in Brazil. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate a greywater collection and treatment system from lavatories, showers and washing machine aiming the non-potable reuse. The objectives were to characterize the quality and quantity of greywater from different sources, to monitor a pilot system for synthetic greywater treatment and to analyze the quality of the effluent after treatment. The pilot system implemented in a building at University of Sao Paulo allowed to segregate greywater collection and characterization. To evaluate the greywater production water flow meters were installed in the water inlet of each greywater source. The treatment system included a moving bed biofilm reactor and a settling tank at pilot scale. The evaluation of greywater treatment was conducted based on the monitoring of physicochemical and microbiological water quality parameters during the operation of the experimental system. Based on the results, amongst the three greywater sources, the water from showers had the highest E. coli concentration while the lavatories water had the highest total coliforms concentration. The removal efficiencies of BOD and COD were 59% e 70% respectively. The phosphorus removal during the experimental period was low. Nevertheless the water quality produced is viable to be applied for outdoor purposes - landscape and garden irrigation in household, commercial and institutional buildings and the results were satisfactory according to Brazilian standard. The treatment showed stability and reliability ensuring the potential for a safe reuse if appropriate operation and monitoring of the treatment system is performed.

  • 9.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    et al.
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden; University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil .
    Scholz, Miklas
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden; University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; The University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom.
    Nolasco, Marcelo Antunes
    University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
    A framework for resource recovery from wastewater treatment plants in megacities of developing countries2020In: Environmental Research, ISSN 0013-9351, E-ISSN 1096-0953, Vol. 188, article id 109745Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In developing countries, there is often a lack of a comprehensive data set that supports the development of coherent policies on resource recovery from wastewater treatment. This paper aims to contribute to the elaboration of resource recovery projects by providing accurate and updated data from wastewater treatment plants such as those located in the region of the Macrometropolis of Sao Paulo. The authors discuss possibilities of improvement of resource recovery for this illustrative example. Comprehensive analyses were performed based on data from 143 municipal wastewater treatment plants to understand the situation regarding resource recovery implementation in this region. The results show that just 26% of the plants perform at least one resource recovery practice. The predominant resource recovery practice is internal water reuse, and recovery is concentrated more in large plants than in medium and small ones. The sludge is disposed in landfills except for three plants, which perform sludge recycling for compost. Some plant managers reported interest in recovering energy from biogas, in expanding water reuse and in recovering sludge for fertilizer production or for building materials. Several aspects that have been regarded as relevant to the implementation of resource recovery processes in previous literature are discussed, such as the size of the plant, related legislation as well as treatment technologies and configurations. Finally, the authors propose a generic framework with several steps that can help to achieve resource recovery implementation. Therefore, the results can provide support for planning of resource recovery projects for large cities in developing countries. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.

  • 10.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    et al.
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden; University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Scholz, Miklas
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden; University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; South Ural State University (National Research University), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
    Nolasco, Marcelo Antunes
    University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Biogas recovery for sustainable cities: A critical review of enhancement techniques and key local conditions for implementation2021In: Sustainable cities and society, ISSN 2210-6707, Vol. 72, article id 103033Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is great potential to apply energy recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to achieve better energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions abatement. However, in most of the wastewater treatment plants that produce biogas through sludge digestion, there is no thermal energy recovery or electricity generation, and the biogas is flared and wasted, particularly in developing countries. This paper discusses the recent technological advances related to biogas recovery from wastewater treatment besides identifying research gaps and local conditions, which affect implementation. Techniques for enhancement of biogas production such as co-digestion and microalgae systems for energy recovery were reviewed in terms of performance and context for application. This paper provides an assessment of how local conditions promote or hinder biogas recovery from WWTP in megacities of developing countries. The lack of government subsidies and a biogas market that is not well developed and regulated hinder biogas recovery implementation in the studied megacities. Infrastructure and electricity prices are also discussed. Strategies to promote energy recovery are recommended based on successful examples of energy self-sufficient WWTP. The findings may not only support planning on energy recovery but also guide technological development and research on this topic, aligned with the sustainable development goals.

  • 11.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    et al.
    Halmstad University, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability. Lund University, Lund, Sweden; University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
    Scholz, Miklas
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden; University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; South Ural State University (National Research University), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
    Nolasco, Marcelo Antunes
    University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
    Phosphorus recovery from municipal wastewater treatment: Critical review of challenges and opportunities for developing countries2019In: Journal of Environmental Management, ISSN 0301-4797, E-ISSN 1095-8630, Vol. 248, article id 109268Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this paper is to provide guidance in selecting phosphorus recovery options within the municipal wastewater treatment sector regarding developing countries. This critical review includes a brief contextualization of the resource-oriented sanitation paradigm, the discussion of processes for phosphorus recovery based on methods at full-scale, pilot-scale and laboratory-scale, and a concise discussion of the environmental impacts and benefits associated with phosphorus recovery strategies. Finally, the main challenges related to the implementation of resource recovery strategies, especially for phosphorous, were identified and discussed. According to the results, some of the main drivers for phosphorus recovery are the limited availability of phosphorus, increasing cost of phosphate fertilizers and reduction of maintenance costs. Currently, most of the operational processes are based on crystallization or precipitation from the digester supernatant. Struvite is the most common recovered product. The recovery rate of phosphorus from the liquid phase is lower (10–60% from wastewater treatment plant influent), than from sludge (35–70%) and from sludge ashes (70–98%). Phosphorus recovery remains challenging, and some barriers identified were the integration between stakeholders and institutions, public policies and regulations as well as public acceptance and economic feasibility. In developing countries, the implementation of nutrient recovery systems is challenging, because the main concern is on the expansion of sanitation coverage. Resource recovery approaches can provide benefits beyond the wastewater treatment sector, not only improving the sustainability of wastewater treatment operations, but generating revenue for the utility provider.

  • 12.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    et al.
    School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Tarpeh, William A.
    Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
    Salinas, Delhi T. P.
    School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Nolasco, Marcelo A.
    School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    The sanitation and urban agriculture nexus: urine collection and application as fertilizer in São Paulo, Brazil2017In: Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, ISSN 2043-9083, Vol. 7, no 3, p. 455-465Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Separately collected urine is an attractive potential fertilizer because of its high nutrient content, low cost, and inherent linkage of urban wastewater management and peri-urban agriculture. Urine from waterless urinals was applied to corn and lettuce plants to examine the impact of urine application rates and frequency on plant growth and soil parameters. In both corn and lettuce experiments, urine application significantly (p < 0.05) increased growth and leaf production relative to control plants. More frequent applications led to lower soil cation exchange capacities for corn and higher soil nitrogen content for both crops. Based on preliminary implementation calculations, waterless urinals at the University of São Paulo (USP), School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities campus could lead to over 1,500 m3 of water saved and 360 m3 of urine produced on an annual basis. These experiments and modeling results are discussed in the context of scaling up urban urine collection, transport, and fertilization in São Paulo, Brazil.

  • 13.
    Garbellini, Lucas Renan
    et al.
    University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    Halmstad University, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability.
    Silveira, Jefferson Eduardo
    Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
    Pacca, Sérgio Almeida
    University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    (Eco)toxicological impact potential from inorganic substances in biosolids: Real data-based suggestions for regulatory improvements2023In: Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, ISSN 2215-1532, Vol. 20, article id 100846Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sewage sludge (SS) can be applied in soil for its nutrient recycling in agriculture and forestry, but the presence of toxic substances may prompt environmental and human health risks. Brazilian Resolution (CONAMA 498/2020) establishes thresholds for biosolid (i.e., treated sludge) quality for application in soils. We have evaluated the (eco)toxicological impact potential of such practice regarding the mentioned thresholds, and the concentration of inorganic substances in sludge from three different Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) in São Paulo, Brazil. The assessment relied on USEtox®, a model that estimates the potential toxicological impact on humans and ecosystems. According to the evaluation of the regulatory thresholds, Zn are responsible for an ecotoxicological impact potential of 2.33E + 02 PAF.m3.day/kg (potentially affected species), which represents 48.2% of the aggregated impact for the scenario, while Hg potential is of 1.25E-04 cases/kg for non-cancerous diseases in humans – corresponding to 54% of this scenario. The assessment of the SS samples has confirmed to be critical for Zn, Hg, and Cr, and indicated potential ecotoxicological risks for concentrations found of Fe and Al, which do not have regulatory thresholds. Results were discussed along with related literature and international regulation. The study supports sustainable management of sewage in Brazil, and the analytical framework is replicable in other regions. © 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V.

  • 14.
    Perry, William Bernard
    et al.
    Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
    Cardoso Chrispim, Mariana
    Halmstad University, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability.
    Barbosa, Mikaela Renata Funada
    Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research in Environmental Risk Assessment, São Paulo, Brazil.
    de Souza Lauretto, Marcelo
    University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research in Environmental Risk Assessment, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Razzolini, Maria Tereza Pepe
    University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research in Environmental Risk Assessment, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Nardocci, Adelaide Cassia
    University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research in Environmental Risk Assessment, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Jones, Owen
    Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
    Jones, Davey L.
    Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom; Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.
    Weightman, Andrew
    Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
    Sato, Maria Inês Zanoli
    Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research in Environmental Risk Assessment, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Montagner, Cassiana
    University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
    Durance, Isabelle
    Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
    Cross-continental comparative experiences of wastewater surveillance and a vision for the 21st century2024In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 919, article id 170842Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the epidemiological value of monitoring wastewater into sharp focus. The challenges of implementing and optimising wastewater monitoring vary significantly from one region to another, often due to the array of different wastewater systems around the globe, as well as the availability of resources to undertake the required analyses (e.g. laboratory infrastructure and expertise). Here we reflect on the local and shared challenges of implementing a SARS-CoV-2 monitoring programme in two geographically and socio-economically distinct regions, São Paulo state (Brazil) and Wales (UK), focusing on design, laboratory methods and data analysis, and identifying potential guiding principles for wastewater surveillance fit for the 21st century. Our results highlight the historical nature of region-specific challenges to the implementation of wastewater surveillance, including previous experience of using wastewater surveillance, stakeholders involved, and nature of wastewater infrastructure. Building on those challenges, we then highlight what an ideal programme would look like if restrictions such as resource were not a constraint. Finally, we demonstrate the value of bringing multidisciplinary skills and international networks together for effective wastewater surveillance. © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.

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