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  • 1.
    Bocharova, Irina
    et al.
    St.-Petersburg University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St.-Petersburg, Russia & University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
    Kudryashov, Boris
    St.-Petersburg University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St.-Petersburg, Russia & University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
    Lyamin, Nikita
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), Centre for Research on Embedded Systems (CERES).
    Frick, Erik
    AstaZero Hällered, Sandhult, Sweden.
    Rabi, Maben
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), Centre for Research on Embedded Systems (CERES).
    Vinel, Alexey
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), Centre for Research on Embedded Systems (CERES). Department of Electrical Engineering, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.
    Low Delay Inter-Packet Coding in Vehicular Networks2019In: Future Internet, E-ISSN 1999-5903, Vol. 11, no 12, article id 212Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITSs), vehicles need to wirelessly connect with Roadside units (RSUs) over limited durations when such point-to-point connections are possible. One example of such communications is the downloading of maps to the C-ITS vehicles. Another example occurs in the testing of C-ITS vehicles, where the tested vehicles upload trajectory records to the roadside units. Because of real-time requirements, and limited bandwidths, data are sent as User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets. We propose an inter-packet error control coding scheme that improves the recovery of data when some of these packets are lost; we argue that the coding scheme has to be one of convolutional coding. We measure performance through the session averaged probability of successfully delivering groups of packets. We analyze two classes of convolution codes and propose a low-complexity decoding procedure suitable for network applications. We conclude that Reed–Solomon convolutional codes perform better than Wyner–Ash codes at the cost of higher complexity. We show this by simulation on the memoryless binary erasure channel (BEC) and channels with memory, and through simulations of the IEEE 802.11p DSRC/ITS-G5 network at the C-ITS test track AstaZero.

  • 2.
    Bocharova, Irina
    et al.
    Department of Information Systems, St. Petersburg University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St.-Petersburg, Russia & Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Estonia.
    Kudryashov, Boris
    Department of Information Systems, St. Petersburg University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St.-Petersburg, Russia & Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Estonia.
    Rabi, Maben
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS).
    Lyamin, Nikita
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), Centre for Research on Embedded Systems (CERES).
    Dankers, Wouter
    Volvo GTT, Goteborg, Sweden.
    Frick, Erik
    AstaZero, Hällered, Sandhult, Sweden.
    Vinel, Alexey
    Halmstad University, School of Information Technology, Halmstad Embedded and Intelligent Systems Research (EIS), Centre for Research on Embedded Systems (CERES). Department of Electrical Engineering, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.
    Characterizing Packet Losses in Vehicular Networks2019In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, ISSN 0018-9545, E-ISSN 1939-9359, Vol. 68, no 9, p. 8347-8358Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To enable testing and performance evaluation of new connected and autonomous driving functions, it is important to characterize packet losses caused by degradation in vehicular (V2X) communication channels. In this paper we suggest an approach to constructing packet loss models based on the socalled Pseudo-Markov chains (PMC). The PMC based model needs only short training sequences, has low computational complexity, and yet provides more precise approximations than known techniques. We show how to learn PMC models from either empirical records of packet receptions, or from analytical models of fluctuations in the received signal strength. In particular, we validate our approach by applying it on (i) V2X packet reception data collected from an active safety test run, which used the LTE network of the AstaZero automotive testing site in Sweden, and (ii) variants of the Rician fading channel models corresponding to two models of correlations of packet losses. We also show that initializing the Baum-Welch algorithm with a second order PMC model leads to a high accuracy model. © 2019 IEEE.

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