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  • 1.
    Averfalk, Helge
    et al.
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Economic benefits of fourth generation district heating2020Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 193, artikkel-id 116727Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The main impetus for lower distribution temperatures in district heating systems is the lower heat supply costs obtained by these lower temperatures. In this paper, the differences in heat supply costs for two different temperature levels have been estimated for various future heat supply options. The estimations were obtained by modelling a district heating system characterised by typical climate conditions for Central Europe. High sensitivity to lower supply costs from lower temperatures was found for geothermal heat, industrial excess heat, and heat pumps, whereas low cost sensitivity was estimated for combined heat and power plants using waste or biomass. Lower heat distribution loss constitutes a minor component of the total cost reductions. The current use of high heat distribution temperatures was identified as an important barrier for the transition to renewable and recycled heat supply in district heating systems. Hence, lower distribution temperatures would facilitate this required transition because lower distribution temperatures provide higher profitability for these renewable and recycled heat sources. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  • 2.
    Averfalk, Helge
    et al.
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Novel low temperature heat distribution technology2018Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 145, s. 526-539Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Lower future heat demands and lower availability of non-fossil high temperature heat supply are expected future market conditions that restrain the long-term viability of contemporary district heating systems. Hence, current district heating technology should be enhanced to increase system performance in new heat distribution areas. This paper aims to outline a proposal for technical improvements required to achieve lower annual average return temperatures in new residential buildings to improve viability in future market conditions. The proposed technical solution consists of three principle changes: three-pipe distribution networks, apartment substations, and longer thermal lengths for heat exchangers. The three technical modifications aims at addressing system embedded temperature errors. Furthermore, a simulation model was developed to assess the proposed technical solution concerning different energy performances of buildings and different thermal lengths in heat exchangers. The results show that implementation of the three technical modifications reaches time-weighted annual average return temperatures of 17–21 °C with supply temperatures of about 50 °C. The results also verify the increased necessity to separate the network return flows into delivery and recirculation flows in residential substations as energy performance in buildings increase.

  • 3.
    Gong, Mei
    et al.
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet.
    Ottermo, Fredric
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet.
    High-temperature thermal storage in combined heat and power plants2022Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 252, artikkel-id 124057Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants play a central role in many heat-intensive energy systems, contributing for example about 10% electricity and 70% district heat in Sweden. This paper considers a proposed system integrating a high-temperature thermal storage into a biomass-fueled CHP plant. The potential and benefits for the individual CHP plant, as well as for the electric grid at large-scale implementation, are studied. The original and integrated systems have been compared by energy and exergy analysis, the results indicating only minor differences. Individual CHP companies can benefit from saving fuel and become more flexible towards customer demands. The integrated system can contribute to new storage capacity in the national electric grid, valuable as the share of variable renewable electricity increases, such as wind and solar power. In a reasonable future scenario with a broad implementation of the integrated system, 53% of electricity that would otherwise be curtailed, could be absorbed and used. At the same time it will be able to replace about 21% of the fuel in the CHP plants. This can help to phase out nuclear power towards the goal of “100% renewable electricity”.

  • 4.
    Leurent, Martin
    et al.
    Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
    Da Costa, Pascal
    Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
    Rämä, Miika
    VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, Espoo, Finland.
    Persson, Urban
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Jasserand, Frédéric
    Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
    Cost-benefit analysis of district heating systems using heat from nuclear plants in seven European countries2018Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 149, s. 454-472Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper aims to evaluate and compare the potential cost savings and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction of district heating (DH) systems using heat from nuclear combined heat and power plants (NCHP) in Europe. Fifteen DH + NCHP systems, spread throughout seven countries, are studied. The selection was made in collaboration with ‘the Ad-Hoc Expert Group on the Role and Economics of Nuclear Cogenerationin a Low Carbon Energy Future’ from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Firstly, the linear heat density of the modelled DH networks was determined, including locations with poorly developed DH networks. A large potential for extending DH networks was identified for France and the United Kingdom despite the expected decrease in the heat demand due to building renovation. Secondly, the costs and GHG emissions of DH + NCHP systems were evaluated via a cost benefit analysis. It concluded that 7 of the 15 projects would be cost-effective if 25% of the total urban heat demand was supplied. Implementing NCHP-based systems would reduce GHG emissions by approximately 10 Mt eCO2/a. Four additional DH + NCHP systems could become competitive if a larger share of the total demand was supplied. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the uncertainty affecting the key parameters. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

  • 5.
    Lund, Henrik
    et al.
    Ålborgs universitet, Ålborg, Danmark.
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Bio- och miljösystemforskning (BLESS), Energiteknik.
    Wiltshire, Robin
    Building Research Establishment, Watford, UK.
    Svendsen, Svend
    Danmarks Tekniska Universitet - DTU, Lyngby, Danmark.
    Thorsen, Jan Eric
    Danfoss, Nordborg, Danmark.
    Hvelplund, Frede
    Ålborgs Universitet, Ålborg, Danmark.
    Vad Mathiesen, Brian
    Ålborgs universitet, Köpenhamn, Danmark.
    4th Generation District Heating (4GDH): Integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems2014Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 68, s. 1-11Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper defines the concept of 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH) including the relations to District Cooling and the concepts of smart energy and smart thermal grids. The motive is to identify the future challenges of reaching a future renewable non-fossil heat supply as part of the implementation of overall sustainable energy systems. The basic assumption is that district heating and cooling has an important role to play in future sustainable energy systems – including 100 percent renewable energy systems – but the present generation of district heating and cooling technologies will have to be developed further into a new generation in order to play such a role. Unlike the first three generations, the development of 4GDH involves meeting the challenge of more energy efficient buildings as well as being an integrated part of the operation of smart energy systems, i.e. integrated smart electricity, gas and thermal grids. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

  • 6.
    Lund, Henrik
    et al.
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Østergaard, Poul Alberg
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Chang, Miguel
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Svendsen, Svend
    DTU, Denmark Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark.
    Sorknæs, Peter
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Thorsen, Jan Eric
    Danfoss Heating Segment, Nordborg, Denmark.
    Hvelplund, Frede
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Mortensen, Bent Ole Gram
    University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
    Mathiesen, Brian Vad
    Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Bojesen, Carsten
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Duic, Neven
    University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
    Zhang, Xiliang
    Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
    Möller, Bernd
    Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany.
    The status of 4th generation district heating: Research and results2018Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 164, s. 147-159Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This review article presents a description of contemporary developments and findings related to the different elements needed in future 4th generation district heating systems (4GDH). Unlike the first three generations of district heating, the development of 4GDH involves meeting the challenge of more energy efficient buildings as well as the integration of district heating into a future smart energy system based on renewable energy sources. Following a review of recent 4GDH research, the article quantifies the costs and benefits of 4GDH in future sustainable energy systems. Costs involve an upgrade of heating systems and of the operation of the distribution grids, while benefits are lower grid losses, a better utilization of low-temperature heat sources and improved efficiency in the production compared to previous district heating systems. It is quantified how benefits exceed costs by a safe margin with the benefits of systems integration being the most important. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

  • 7.
    Lund, Henrik
    et al.
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Østergaard, Poul Alberg
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Nielsen, Tore Bach
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Thorsen, Jan Eric
    Danfoss, Nordborg, Denmark.
    Gudmundsson, Oddgeir
    Danfoss, Nordborg, Denmark.
    Arabkoohsar, Ahmad
    Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark.
    Mathiesen, Brian Vad
    Aalborg University, København K, Denmark.
    Perspectives on fourth and fifth generation district heating2021Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 227, artikkel-id 120520Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Fourth-generation district heating (4GDH) has been used as a label or expression since 2008 to describe a transition path for decarbonization of the district heating sector and was defined in more detail in 2014. During recent years, several papers have been published on a concept called fifth generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC). This article identifies differences and similarities between 4GDH and 5GDHC regarding aims and abilities. The analysis shows that these two are common not only in the overarching aim of decarbonization but that they also to some extent share the five essential abilities first defined for 4GDH. The main driver for 5GDHC has been a strong focus on combined heating and cooling, using a collective network close to ambient temperature levels as common heat source or sink for building-level heat pumps. It is found that 5GDHC can be regarded as a promising technology with its own merits, yet a complementary technology that may coexist in parallel with other 4GDH technologies. However, the term “generation” implies a chronological succession, and the label 5GDHC does not seem compatible with the established labels 1GDH to 4GDH. © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  • 8.
    Lund, Rasmus
    et al.
    Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Persson, Urban
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Bio- och miljösystemforskning (BLESS), Energivetenskap.
    Mapping of potential heat sources for heat pumps for district heating in Denmark2016Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 110, s. 129-138Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The ambitious policy in Denmark on having a 100% renewable energy supply in 2050 requires radical changes to the energy systems to avoid an extensive and unsustainable use of biomass resources. Currently, wind power is being expanded and the increasing supply of electricity is slowly pushing the CHP (combined heat and power) plants out of operation, reducing the energy efficiency of the DH (district heating) supply. Here, large heat pumps for district heating is a frequently mentioned solution as a flexible demand for electricity and an energy efficient heat producer. The idea is to make heat pump use a low temperature waste or ambient heat source, but it has so far been very unclear which heat sources are actually available for this purpose.

    In this study eight categories of heat sources are analysed for the case of Denmark and included in a detailed spatial analysis where the identified heat sources are put in relation to the district heating areas and the corresponding demands. The analysis shows that potential heat sources are present near almost all district heating areas and that sea water most likely will have to play a substantial role as a heat source in future energy systems in Denmark.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 9.
    Lygnerud, Kristina
    et al.
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet. Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Klugman, Sofia
    Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Johanna
    Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Risk assessment of industrial excess heat collaborations – Empirical data from new and ongoing installations2022Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 255, artikkel-id 124452Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Excess heat could meet approximately 25% of the heat demand in the European building sector. However, the recovery of excess heat is low, which has been attributed to financial, technical and organisational barriers. There is limited information on the perceived risk exposure of excess heat recovery at different points in time, before undertaking the investment or after having undertaken the investment, and at locations with existing district heating networks or not (greenfield). This is unfortunate because experience can enable new collaborations. In this paper, we compare the perceived risk exposure of four greenfield and two ongoing industrial excess heat recovery collaborations. In doing so, we confirm previously identified barriers, such as difficulty to agree on the value of excess heat, the risk of a single heat source and lack of regulation. We also find that, with experience, changes to the excess heat-generating processes are increasingly important, whereas, greenfield sites find the lack of ‘know-how’ to be risky. However, the main conclusion from this paper is that the risks of industrial excess heat recovery collaborations appear to be over-emphasised. In fact, risk exposure of industrial activity can be reduced through industrial waste heat recovery as excess heat is characterized by limited price fluctuations and new environmental requirements from customers and authorities can be met proactively. Combining experience with a standardised excess heat recovery policy should significantly reduce the risk exposure of new collaborations. © 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  • 10.
    Lygnerud, Kristina
    et al.
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Ottosson, Jonas
    Utilifeed, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Kensby, Johan
    Utilifeed, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Johansson, Linnea
    Utilifeed, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Business models combining heat pumps and district heating in buildings generate cost and emission savings2021Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 234, artikkel-id 121202Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The Author(s)There are currently several challenges facing the Swedish district heating (DH) industry. To address these challenges, new business models are needed. One such model involves the widespread use of Heat Pumps (HPs) in DH networks (DHN). However, HPs compete with other more conventional heat sources and their inclusion in DH business models is not yet common. In this study, efficiency gains impacting cost and CO2 emissions for HP inclusions are compared to the current state of affairs and different business model concepts are developed and discussed for a typology of DH systems. The results of this analysis show that using HPs in DHNs can be profitable, achieving maximum cost savings of 33% and emissions savings of 75% (CO2). However, the shift needed in business models for successful HP/DH combination—in spite of significant cost and emission savings potential—will be a significant challenge, considering: (i) the tendency of Swedish DH companies to see HPs as competition and something to avoid, (ii) an overall low level of maturity in terms of service provision, (iii) an arms-length distance to customers (co-creation of value is rare), and (iv) a difficulty in capitalising the value of green technology adoption. © 2021 

  • 11.
    Lygnerud, Kristina
    et al.
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Risk assessment of industrial excess heat recovery in district heating systems2018Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 151, s. 430-441Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The recovery of industrial excess heat for use in district heating systems can be characterised by great political interest, high potential, low utilisation and often high profitability. These characteristics reveal that barriers are present for its greater utilisation. One identified barrier is the risk that industries with excess heat can terminate their activities, resulting in the loss of heat recovery. Excess heat recovery investments are therefore sometimes rejected, despite them being viable investments. The risk of termination of industrial activities has been assessed by a study of 107 excess heat recoveries in Sweden. The analysis verified that terminated industrial activities are one of two major explanations for terminated heat delivery. The other major reason is substitution by another heat supply. These two explanations correspond to approximately 6% of all annual average heat recoveries. The identified risk factors are small annual heat recovery and the use of heat pumps when low-temperature heat was recovered. The main conclusion is that a small proportion of industrial heat recovery has been lost in Sweden because of terminated industrial activities. The risk premium of losing industrial heat recovery for this specific reason should be considered to be lower than often presumed in feasibility studies. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

  • 12.
    Möller, Bernd
    et al.
    Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany & Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Wiechers, Eva
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Persson, Urban
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Grundahl, Lars
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Connolly, David
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying local heat demand and supply areas with a European thermal atlas2018Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 158, s. 281-292Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In 2016 the first Strategy for Heating and Cooling of the European Union has shown that district heating and cooling networks can integrate renewable energies in an increasingly energy-efficient built environment. At the same time, the heating and cooling sector is probably the most diverse and least mapped component of the European energy system. The aim of the Pan-European Thermal Atlas is to improve the knowledge base for the geographical distribution of heat and cooling demands across Europe. Demand densities of the demanded thermal services themselves, the spatial coherence of these demands, and their location relative to sources of heating greatly affect the economy of district heating schemes compared to individual solutions. The objective is therefore to develop a comprehensive model, which can be used to a) quantify heat demands by density, b) group coherent areas with demands into prospective supply zones, c) produce supply curves for these zones, and d) ultimately calculate local energy mixes on the basis of allocated excess heat as well as renewable energy sources. The developed method spatially disaggregates national demand data to high-resolution geospatial data on urban structures. The resulting atlas allows for an advanced quantitative screening process, which can establish the basis for energy systems analyses relying on geographically explicit information on the heating demand and supply volumes and costs. The present paper presents version 4 of the Pan-European Thermal Atlas, which takes another step towards higher spatial resolution and confidence in comparison to its predecessors, version 1 to 3. For the first time, a 100m resolution heat atlas of Europe is being presented, which may help describing the heating sector in the required spatial resolution. By means of spatial statistical analyses using ordinary least square linear regressions, multiple spatial inputs such as population, degree of built-up and its derivatives are turned into a coherent model of the urban tissue. Plot ratios form the basis of models of heat demand in single and multi-family residential buildings as well as the service sector. Prospective district heating areas have been delineated, and the resulting zoning of heat supply has been linked to a resource-economic analysis, which allows for cost-supply studies in disaggregated form. The present heat atlas version 4 is now available for 14 countries that altogether represent 90% of the heat demand in the 28 European Union member states. First results are being presented with emphasis on the achieved methodological improvements. Moreover, a newly developed online mapping system is being presented, which will assist in mapping the new geography of heating and cooling demands and supplies. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 13.
    Möller, Bernd
    et al.
    Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany & Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Wiechers, Eva
    Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany.
    Persson, Urban
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Grundahl, Lars
    Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Søgaard Lund, Rasmus
    Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Vad Mathiesen, Brian
    Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Heat Roadmap Europe: Towards EU-Wide, local heat supply strategies2019Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 177, s. 554-564Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The present paper describes a quantitative method for preparing local heat supply strategies. Detailed spatial data on heat demand and supply are generated using combined top-down and bottom-up modelling for 14 member states of the European Union, which constitute 91% of its heat demand in buildings. Spatial analysis is used for zoning of heat supply into individual and collective heating. Continuous cost curves are used to model economically feasible district heating shares within prospective supply districts. Excess heat is appraised and allocated to prospective district heating systems by means of a two-stage network allocation process. Access to renewable energy sources such as geothermal, large-scale solar thermal, as well as sustainable biomass, is analysed. The result is a comprehensive and detailed set of heat supply strategies in a spatially discrete manner. The findings indicate that in the 14 European Union member states, up to 71% of building heat demand in urban areas can be met with district heating. Of this, up to 78% can be covered with excess heat, while the remainder can be covered with low enthalpy renewable energy sources. The conclusion shows the possibility of a largely de-carbonised heat sector as part of a smart energy system for Europe.  © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

  • 14.
    Pelda, Johannes
    et al.
    HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Art Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen, Germany.
    Holler, Stefan
    HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Art Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen, Germany.
    Persson, Urban
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    District heating atlas - Analysis of the German district heating sector2021Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 233, artikkel-id 121018Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the preliminary results of the District Heating Atlas, an online tool to collect and visualize key metrics of district heating systems in Germany. Since the scarce available public information on district heating systems is widely spread and not accessible via central data, the District Heating Atlas shall be the platform to enter and call up information centrally. With its online platform it provides a user interface where relevant information can be entered and system components of the currently recorded 82 district heating systems can be compared. So far, nearly 50% of the thermal energy fed into district heating is covered by the District Heating Atlas. The analysis shows that the data availability is more than 60% for five of the ten key metrics recorded. On the one hand, missing correlations between the key metrics show the diversity of the district heating systems and make it difficult to formulate general valid statements that could help to calculate missing data. On the other hand, this means that district heating systems are very diverse in their structure and thus offer versatile potential for sector coupling. In addition, district heating systems must be individually optimised in order to best utilize their potential for flexibility for the entire energy system. Finally, the first comparisons with information from the biggest district heating association in Germany show a high match with the currently collected data set. ©2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. 

  • 15.
    Persson, Urban
    et al.
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Bio- och miljösystemforskning (BLESS), Energivetenskap.
    Münster, Marie
    DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
    Current and future prospects for heat recovery from waste in European district heating systems: a literature and data review2016Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 110, s. 116-128Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Municipal solid waste has seen increasing annual volumes for many decades in contemporary Europe and constitutes, if not properly managed, an environmental problem due to local pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. From an energy perspective, waste is also an alternative fuel for power and heat generation; energy recovery from waste represents an effective measure to reduce landfilling and avoid disposal emissions while simultaneously reducing the equivalent demand for primary energy supply. A key factor for obtaining the full synergetic benefits of this energy recovery is the presence of local heat distribution infrastructures, without which no large-scale recovery and utilisation of excess heat is possible. In this paper, which aims to estimate municipal solid waste volumes available for heat recovery in European district heating systems in 2030, a literature and data review is performed to establish and assess current and future EU (European Union) waste generation and management. Main conclusions are that more heat can be recovered from current Waste-to-Energy facilities operating at low average heat recovery efficiencies, that efficient incineration capacity is geographically concentrated, and that waste available for heat recovery in 2030 is equally determined by total generation volumes by this year as by future EU deployment levels of district heating. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

  • 16.
    Persson, Urban
    et al.
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Wiechers, Eva
    Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany.
    Möller, Bernd
    Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany & Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Heat Roadmap Europe: Heat distribution costs2019Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 176, s. 604-622Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This analysis elaborates further the concept of physical and economic suitability for district heating in EU28 by an aggregation regarding key dimensions such as land areas, populations, heat demands, and investment volumes. This aggregation is based on a resolution on hectare level by slicing the total land area into 437 million pieces. Results show that heat demands in buildings are present in 9% of the land area. Because of high concentrations in towns and cities, 78% of the total heat demand in buildings originate from dense urban areas that constitute 1.4% of the total land area and 70% of the population. Due to these high heat densities above 50 MJ/m2 per year, the paper evaluates a setting where district heating is individually expanded in each member state for reaching a common 50% heat market proportion in EU28 at lowest cost. At this saturation rate, the aggregated EU28 district heat deliveries would increase to 5.4 EJ/a at current heat demands and represents an expansion investment volume, starting from current level of 1.3 EJ, of approximately 270 billion euro for heat distribution pipes. Given the current high heat densities in European urban areas, this study principally confirms earlier expectations by quantitative estimations. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

  • 17.
    Sernhed, Kerstin
    et al.
    Department of Energy Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
    Lygnerud, Kristina
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Bio- och miljösystemforskning (BLESS), Energivetenskap. Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    Synthesis of recent Swedish district heating research2018Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 151, s. 126-132Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, district heating meets currently above half of the heat demands in buildings. District heating research in Sweden has a long tradition dating back to 1975. The latest research program period included 34 projects and was executed between 2013 and 2017. In this paper, a synthesis is performed on the Swedish research frontier by assessing these recent research projects. The three study purposes was to provide an overview over the executed projects, to identify new research questions, and to identify future challenges to the Swedish district heating industry. The assessment was based on six defined key areas, such as demand, resources, system frameworks, technology, cold supply, and international perspective. The subsequent content analysis was performed from three perspectives: the perspective of energy system transition, the customer perspective, and the sustainability perspective. Final conclusions include the three future challenges for the Swedish district heating industry. These are future strategies to communicate the value of district heating, vision for district heating beyond the transition to fossil free supply, and technology development for efficient use of low temperature heat sources. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

  • 18.
    Sánchez-García, Luis
    et al.
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet.
    Averfalk, Helge
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet.
    Möllerström, Erik
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet.
    Persson, Urban
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet.
    Understanding effective width for district heating2023Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 277, artikkel-id 127427Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    District heating is one of the technologies that can contribute to the decarbonisation of the European heat sector. Nonetheless, these infrastructures only deliver about a tenth of the heat demands in the continent. Therefore, it is essential to assess the expansion potential of these systems and to identify which areas should be target for further investigations, which calls for easy-to-use and straightforward methods such as Persson & Werner's network capital cost model. Pivotal parameters of the model are the effective width, a metric of trench length by land area, alongside the average pipe diameter and the linear heat density. This study has carried out an in-depth analysis of these crucial parameters with respect to both distribution and service pipes in a large Danish district heating network, which has allowed to explore the behaviour of effective width in a broad range of building densities and derive new equations for both effective width and average pipe diameter. The model has subsequently been validated in another large network in Denmark and several minor districts in the same country, showing the accuracy of the model on an aggregated level. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd.

  • 19.
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    District heating and cooling in Sweden2017Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 126, s. 419-429Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose with this review is to provide a presentation of the background and current position for district heating and cooling in Sweden. The review structure considers the market, technical, supply, environmental, institutional, and future contexts. The main conclusions are high utilisation of district heating in Swedish buildings, commitment to the third generation of district heating technology, high proportions of heat recycling and renewable supply, high compliance to European definition of efficient district heating, considerable reductions of fossil carbon dioxide emissions, strong national driving forces from high fossil fuel taxes, and soft district heating regulation based on transparency. District cooling systems are small compared to district heating systems. From strong legislative driving forces, the Swedish heat market became a testing ground for a market situation when fossil fuels are expensive in a heat market. The long-term market solutions have then become district heating in dense urban areas and local heat pumps in suburban and rural areas. © 2017 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  • 20.
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Bio- och miljösystemforskning (BLESS), Energivetenskap.
    European space cooling demands2016Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 110, s. 148-156Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Information about European space cooling demands is rare, since cooling demands are not properly measured, when electricity is used for operating space cooling devices. Cooling demands are only measured at deliveries from district cooling systems. However, information about cooling demands by location and country is required for planning district cooling systems and modelling national energy systems. In order to solve this cooling information dilemma, space cooling demands have been assessed for European service sector buildings. These estimations were based on cold deliveries from twenty different European district cooling locations in eight countries. Main findings are that (1) the estimated specific cold deliveries are somewhat lower than other estimations based on electricity inputs and assumed performance ratios, (2) aggregated spacecooling demands are presented by country, and (3) an European contour map is presented for average specific space cooling demands for service sector buildings. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

  • 21.
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, Rydberglaboratoriet för tillämpad naturvetenskap (RLAS).
    International review of district heating and cooling2017Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 137, s. 617-631Artikkel, forskningsoversikt (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose with this review is to provide a presentation of the background for the current position for district heating and cooling in the world, with some deeper insights into European conditions. The review structure considers the market, technical, supply, environmental, institutional, and future contexts. The main global conclusions are low utilisation of district heating in buildings, varying implementation rates with respect to countries, moderate commitment to the fundamental idea of district heating, low recognition of possible carbon dioxide emission reductions, and low awareness in general of the district heating and cooling benefits. The cold deliveries from district cooling systems are much smaller than heat deliveries from district heating systems. The European situation can be characterised by higher commitment to the fundamental idea of district heating, lower specific carbon dioxide emissions, and higher awareness of the district heating and cooling benefits. The conclusions obtained from the six contexts analysed show that district heating and cooling systems have strong potentials to be viable heat and cold supply options in a future world. However, more efforts are required for identification, assessment, and implementation of these potentials in order to harvest the global benefits with district heating and cooling. © 2017 The Author

  • 22.
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet.
    Network configurations for implemented low-temperature district heating2022Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 254, part B, artikkel-id 124091Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the findings and conclusions from an inventory of network configurations implemented in several early projects concerning low-temperature district heating systems implemented in both existing and new networks. The main findings are presented for each configuration group, including configuration layouts, typical temperature levels and several implemented installation examples, together with the advantages and disadvantages of each network configuration. In the assessment, a classification system comprising six different groups of typical network configurations was identified for low-temperature heat distribution. Together with eight variants within three of these six groups, fourteen possible network configurations were identified for low-temperature district heating. The main feature became the choice between a cold or warm network for the heat distribution, while the suitability of each network configuration depends on the temperatures of the available heat sources. © 2022 The Author

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 23.
    Østergaard, Poul Alberg
    et al.
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Werner, Sven
    Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet.
    Dyrelund, Anders
    Rambøll A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Lund, Henrik
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Arabkoohsar, Ahmad
    Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark.
    Sorknæs, Peter
    Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Gudmundsson, Oddgeir
    Danfoss A/S, Nordborg, Denmark.
    Thorsen, Jan Eric
    Danfoss A/S, Nordborg, Denmark.
    Mathiesen, Brian Vad
    Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    The four generations of district cooling - A categorization of the development in district cooling from origin to future prospect2022Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 253, artikkel-id 124098Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Research into new advanced district heating concepts has increased since the first four generations of district heating were defined in 2014. This definition created a common framework for research and industry alike, and pointed to potential futures for district heating which could benefit from low-temperature heating in buildings. The fully developed fourth-generation district heating includes the cross-sectoral integration into the smart energy system. This paper defines four generations of district cooling to make a similar useful framework for district cooling. The first generation being pipeline refrigeration systems that were first introduced in the late 19th century, the second generation being mainly based on large compression chillers and cold water as distribution fluid, the third generation having a more diversified cold supply such as natural cooling, and the fourth generation combining cooling with other energy sectors sometimes into a renewable energy-based smart energy systems context, including combined heating and cooling. © 2022 The Authors

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