This study deals with youth coaches and their work with young people at various youth venues in areas that the police believe are vulnerable areas in Halmstad and Växjö. The purpose of this study is to see the importance of youth coaches for young people and how they shape them into good citizens. Young people visit different youth venues to find a community and an adult they can talk to. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews. The results show that youth coaches influence young people and many young people see coaches as role models. This opportunity arises from the relationship created between a youth and a coach. The results also show that this relationship is important for many young people as some of them can go for a whole day without talking to any adult. When the coaches choose to listen to young people individually and invite them to conversations a confidence and trust is created that gives the coaches the opportunity to influence the young people's day to day life. 

Social Workers work in the Social Services Addiction Unit is challenged to meet the client's needs while responding to the organization's resources. This is due to insufficient resources placed on abuse because the target group is not a priority. Therefore, it is important that social workers have a margin of action to make thoughtful actions in relation to both parties. The purpose of the essay is to investigate and analyze the factors that social workers perceive may affect the social investigative work and how social workers experience power in the investigative work with adult clients who have ongoing abuse problems. The purpose is expressed in issues that take into account what opportunities and limitations social workers experience in the law investigation work and how they experience the exercise of power in relation to the client in investigation according to the law.

The study is based on 7 qualitative semi structured interviews with social workers who work with investigations with substance abusers in Halland and Skåne County. The material was analyzed using Lipsky's concept discretion and Foucault's power theory. The results show that missions, laws and guidelines, resources, customer attitude and social workers' subjectivity are regarded by social security as both the possibilities and limitations in the SoL investigation. In addition, the social workers find that they have power in relation to the client with the help of knowledge about the subject, but they also have the ambition to lift the client that leads to a relational power. Social workers also act in an uncertainty where the social workers' scope for action, including factors that enable and limit the investigative work is important for the work in the social field.

In this C-thesis I have studied criminality in regard of motivations behind, conserving and relating to a criminal lifestyle. Youngsters are increasingly getting involved in brutal criminality and I reckoned it important to study why youngsters begins to commit crimes and gets engaged in criminality. There is no specific answer to why individuals begin to commit crimes in the research on the field, but Bergström (2012) has presented motivations to criminality and Becker (1991) presents a model of the development of “deviant” carers. In the thesis I have categorized the motivations regarding those behind, conserving and relating to a criminal lifestyle, and interpreted them with the notions and experiences of ex. criminals. The method of the thesis is qualitative, and I have interviewed ex. criminals which are members of the association KRIS, Criminals Revanche in Society. Four interviews were conducted with respondents who were below the age of 35. I concluded the social heritage primary regarding family circumstances, having criminals in the close environment in the family and neighbourhood are the motivations which drove them to criminality. All of them regards themselves as responsible for starting to commit to crimes instead of choosing a different path in life. The schooling has been problematic for all of them and they have all either not received or have not been able to receive the support they have needed in school. Safe family circumstances and stable schooling are 2 of the most important protective factors which can discourage criminality. All of them have positive experiences regarding support of social services and through institutions. Yet the fellowship with other criminals, the excitement in committing crimes and financial gains instead of growing up in the realm of protective factors, have given them pre-conditions to stay criminal. Furthermore, all of them had drug or alcohol addictions that has contributed to their criminality and they have felt it hard to get in to work.

Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur personer med synliga fysiska funktionsnedsättningar upplever den psykosociala tillgängligheten i samhället och hur en eventuell brist av denna tillgänglighet påverkar dem känslomässigt. Studien använder sig av en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Studien är också inspirerad av en hermeneutisk ansatsmetod då syftet är att tolka informanternas upplevelse av till exempel bemötande från människor i samhället. Fem informanter i åldrarna 47-74 år deltog i studien och alla personerna hade själv olika former av synliga rörelsehinder, tre informanter är kvinnor och två är män. Studiens resultat visade på att dess informanter upplevde den psykosociala tillgängligheten, gällande exempelvis bemötandet och attityder, olika. Det syntes vissa tendenser till att skillnaden kunde bero på kön, där männen upplevde det generella bemötandet bättre än kvinnorna, men det kunde också bero på egna attityden, och/eller självacceptans. Att bemötandet inte alltid var tillfredsställande verkar bero på en kunskapsbrist vilket är något som informanterna upplever att samhället behöver arbeta mer med, framförallt inom skolan och hos politikerna. Resultatet analyserades, med hjälp av en tematisk analys, i förhållande till de vetenskapliga teorierna, stigmateorin och cripteorin, samt i förhållande till tidigare forskning inom ämnet.

The purpose of this study is to investigate from an administrator perspective how authorities integrate newly arrived to the Swedish labor market. The results are analyzed and understood by two theories, theory about Intersectionality and Goodman theory. The empirical material is based on seven interviews with people who are employed in the public sector and who are working with establishment on the labor market among newly arrived individuals. The previous research is based on conditions and obstacles that helps newly arrived people on their way to establishment on the Swedish labor market. A main result in the study is that the respondents are experiencing that the group newly arrived have a hard time to integrate at the Swedish labor market. They lift women, mainly women born outside of Europe as a group that has a harder time to integrate on the labor market than other newly arrived and that they need particularly targeted efforts. This is explained by high demands on the Swedish language, competence and education which this group is not able to make. The result also shows that a big part of the newly arrived individuals are dependent off support from the authorities while they at the same time are being referred to steer their own establishment process towards self-sufficiency. The role of the individuals working at the authorities is not considered to be intended to offer individual support for newly arrived people. This is judged to have a negative impact on weak groups and they tend to end up in long term unemployment without customized efforts. The study finally shows that the respondents have a low trust for the short-term investments that are being made to ensure that the investments create a permanent solution for newly arrived at the labor market. This is confirmed by that there is a chain of support that is prepositioned related to the labor market for individuals that extend over a long period of time, where the ambition seems to be primarily to employ a big group of individuals rather than consider each individual.

The purpose of this study was based on immigrants´ own experiences to investigate what impact the Introductory course had on the immigrants´ establishment in the labor market.

We performed a qualitative investigation where we performed eight semi-structured interviews with immigrants who lived in Sweden for 10-15 years. This was implemented in order to create a deeper understanding of what could have had an impact on the immigrants’ establishment in the labor market through the introduction course.

The outcome of this study showed that the immigrants’ biggest obstacle to establish themselves in the labor market was the language. It has been noted that the language has been of great importance in order to significantly lead to establishment in the labor market. Additionally, the introductory course has had a great significance on the respondents in the study since they got to learn the Swedish language through the introductory course. Whereas, another crucial factor that the immigrants were lacking in is the social contact network. This factor has made the establishment of the labor market all the more difficult.

This study examined a wide range of literature in order to describe factors associated with the concept of infant health. The design of the study is a literature review examining 21 research studies, written in the English language. The study explored which factors were found to exert an influence on the concept of infant health. The result showed that the concept infant health is dependent on many factors but what seems to exert an influence are foremost maternal health and well-being, the family's health care utilization and the parental assessment of their own health. Additional studies are needed to fully understand the concept of infant health. The need for an infant definition that empowers infant health arises because, if a common ground is not clearly established, miscommunication may arise. Furthermore, there is a need to initiate a model for infant health.

Background: Mental illness is today seen as one of Sweden’s main public illnesses among children and adolescents. Previous studies have shown that there are several factors that can be the basis for the emergence of mental illness among children and adolescents. The study highlights both structural factors and within the individual, these are then broken down into different sub-themes to increase the understanding of the factors. Aim: The aim of this litteratur reviewis to increase the understanding of the emergence of mental illness among children and adolescents.The questions: Whatfactors can lead to development of mental illness? How can we understand the factors from a socialpsychological perspective?Method:A literature review based on 16 scientific articles and four dissertations. A content analysis and thematic analysis were performed and resulted in two categories, of which five were subcategories. Results:Two main categories emerged, Structural factorsand Factors within the individual. The literature review showed that the emergence of mental illness was strongly associated with social affiliation, school environment, social norms, self-esteem and personality traits. Discussion:The results indicate theimportance of children and adolescents' social relationships, the high self-esteem and self-confidence for them to feel secure. But also to facilitate the creation of identity and belonging they form during adolescence. It is important that children and adolescents at an early age have access to the resources they need to become resilient into the future and be able to deal with personal adversity. They can access the resources through family, school and friends, however, it is also about the individual seeing life through an optimistic and positive perspective to manage the emergence of mental illness.

Every third social worker is exposed to client violence and threats. The recent protest against the LVU-legislation has contributed to a debate that has increased the vulnerability of social workers. The aim of this qualitative study is to examine the effects that threats and violence has on social work. The research questions of this study concern the professional role and discretion of social workers, the strategies for managing violence, and attitudes toward safety procedures. A semi-structured interview approach is utilized, involving six social workers from three municipalities. The findings of this study suggest that threats and violence have an impact on the work of social workers and can have consequences for both investigations and decisions. Social workers utilize various strategies to manage obvious violence and threats, whereas unspoken threats are difficult to define and handle. The trust and knowledge of safety procedures varies, while the support of colleagues is crucial. Based on this, the role of mentalization in the normalization process is discussed, and how threats and violence are expected to be accepted as a part of the job. The impact on discretion is discussed in terms of authority and how it influences clients, as well as discussions regarding the consequences of excessive safety procedures. 

Since the beginning of 2000 senior camps have been established on several places in Sweden, with the purpose to decrease social exclusion and improve health amongst elderly people. These senior camps build on notions of what it means to age and to ”be old” in relation to activity, health, functional abilities and participation in society. In a cross-scientific and holistic study at CASE, Lund University these senior camps have been studied from three perspectives 1) History of ideas: What is the cultural meaning of senior camps?. 2) Ethnology: How is age made visible and important at senior camps? 3) Occupational Science: What are the individual social and health aspects of the senior camp? In this presentation we focus on findings from part study 2, that is, how age is performed and made meaningful at senior camps. The data consists of ethnographical field notes collected from two central senior camps. We are going to show examples of  how and when the participators use “age negotiation” and “perform age” in social relations at senior camps and discuss how this negotiation can be interpreted relative to societal norms about older people and health and what is considered “age appropriate”; but also how the seniors use age performance to object to images of older people or to claim their independence.  In the perfomance of age the body and functionality becomes central and bodies are compared, evaluated and discussed in relation to age and ageing.

The aim of this study was to get abetter understanding of howunit managers in eldercare describe how they view and use the Lex Sarah, existing knowledge on the subject and how they reason around the word anomaly. The study is qualitative and based on semi-structured interviews. The study is based on a hermeneutic approach because I wanted to know my respondents ideas and experiences concerning Lex Sarah. Six unit managers were interviewed. The managers describe their knowledge, how they used the Lex Sarah in operations and how they see the ills. The result of the study shows that the knowledge of the subject Lex Sarah needs to be improved both among unit managers and among staff. It also needs to be improved in the area of ​​reporting, there is a need for a more uniform approach to what a substantial risk of an anomaly is and when it should be reported. Today it`s classified in many different ways though it says in the rules that it should not be done. Respondents think that Lex Sarah is a good and necessary part of the systematic quality work at the same time they see it as guilt. The study has been analyzed using scientific theories organizational theories and management theories.

Vi har i denna studie studerat före detta ungdomsproffs i fotboll och deras upplevelser och erfarenheter från denna tid. Vi var intresserade av att undersöka varför så många svenska ungdomsproffs återvänder till Sverige och vad det krävs för att lyckas som ungdomsproffs. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa elitsatsande ungdomsspelares erfarenheter från internationella fotbollsakademier, och deras uppfattningar om vad man behöver lära sig för att lyckas som ungdomsproffs. För att besvara syfte och frågeställningar genomförde vi intervjuer med tre före detta ungdomsproffs. Vi har utgått från situerat lärande som belyser hur nya individer kan ta sig in i en ny grupp eller praktik och blir en del av denna tillsammans med andra. Denna teori lägger fokus vid gruppen men i vår studie fann vi även individuella aspekter som var avgörande för att bli en del av praktiken. Allmänhetens uppfattning om vad det innebär att lyckas som ungdomsproffs stämmer inte överens med ungdomsproffsens egen uppfattning. Att återvända hem till Sverige ser allmänheten som ett misslyckande medans ungdomsproffsen ser tiden som en utbildning och en viktig erfarenhet för deras framtida fotbollskarriär.

The purpose of the study is to investigate how unit managers work with sick leave due to work-related mental health in public elderly care. Based on the aim, four issues have been worked out to develop and increase understanding of the study's problem area. The methodology of the study is qualitative interviews with a hermeneutic approach and thematic analysis as a method of processing. The qualitative interviews were conducted with nine unit managers from two different municipalities in southern Sweden. The results showed that unit managers have latitude to work preventively to reduce sick leave and that differs from how rehabilitation is handled. Unit managers in elderly care have clear guidelines when it comes to rehabilitation while preventive work does not have it. Therefor, unit manager have latitude for working more prevention to reduce sick leave. All respondents understood that preventive work is an important factor in reducing sick leave, but that time and number of employees can make it difficult for preventive work to be prioritized.

The purpose of this study is to examine the existing and necessary interventions and potential developments needed to prevent youth from engaging in criminal activities. It also examines the cooperative crime prevention efforts and the identified risk factors associated with youth delinquency in a commune in southern Sweden. Central to this study are the cooperation, risk factors, and interventions related to crime prevention. 

Through a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals to gather their experiences, thoughts, and knowledge on the subject. The findings of the study were analyzed and interpreted using previous research and selected theories. The results indicate that the SSPF cooperation model serves as a complement to existing interventions. It was also found that a combination of risk factors increases the likelihood of youth developing deviant behavior or engaging in criminal activities. Some challenges noticed by professionals include the lack of resources and time, significantly impacting the effectiveness of crime prevention efforts. Central prerequisites that help prevent youth crime include early interventions and relationship building. The results also demonstrate that effective cooperation is crucial for successful crime prevention. A conclusion drawn from the findings in the study is that early action, an understanding of prominent risk factors and well-functioning cooperation are essential for preventive work with youth delinquency. 

Growing evidence suggests that young migrants are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence. As young migrants often lack family and social networks, professionals are often the recipients of disclosures of sexual violence. This study aimed to explore how professionals experience young migrants’ disclosures of sexual violence. A qualitative design was used, based on 14 semi-structured interviews with a range of professionals from the public sector and civil society in southern Sweden. The data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The overarching theme developed was ‘coming across the hidden problem of sexual violence in an excluded population’ supported by three sub-themes: ‘linking structural marginalisation and vulnerability to sexual violence’; ‘realising that sexual violence is one among many other concerns’; and ‘taking pride in backing up young people betrayed by society’. Professionals expressed a strong sense of responsibility due to the complex vulnerabilities of young migrants and their lack of access to services. This, coupled with the lack of clarity about how to respond to disclosures of sexual violence, can lead to moral distress. There is a need to strengthen support for professionals, including recognition of ethical dilemmas and the establishment of formal connections between organisations making access more straightforward and predictable. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child was ratified in Sweden in 1990, it has been

transformed into Swedish legislation and implemented in the work of the social services.

This study’s aim was to identify and describe how social services staff are working with

children experience their work based on the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Through a qualitative method, the purpose is answered based on three questions from

seven social workers’ experiences. The issues take into account the child’s best interests,

the child's participation and the possible differences the social worker’s experience after

the Convention has been incorporated into Swedish legislation on 1 January 2020.

Through a thematic analysis, results and analysis are presented based on collected

empirics, previous research and theories from the child's perspective, space of action

and implementation space. The study's results show that social workers have worked

based on the articles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and that their work

is based on children's participation to assess the child’s best interests. The social workers

experience no drastic difference in their way of working after the incorporation of the

Children's Convention. Instead the change is expected to take place in court decisions

and at other social service units.

The important questions in a firm's internationalization strategy deal with which national markets they should enter and the order in which the chosen markets should be entered. Different theoretical scenarios provide a range of answers to these questions. In this article, it is argued that the appropriateness of the theories depends on the industrial context to which it is applied. The international development of some Swedish firms in mature and high-growth industries is discussed. Whether a theory is appropriate depends on the firms' degree of internationalization and whether the industry is mature or growing. International entrepreneurship literature has been shown to enhance understanding of the early stages of a firms' internationalization in growing industries.

I Sverige har statens institutionsstyrelsen ansvar över ungdomar och vuxna som blir tvångsplacerade med stöd av LVU, LVM och LSU på uppdrag av socialtjänsten. I denna uppsats är fokus inriktad på ett SiS hem i Sverige där ungdomar blivit omhändertagna med stöd av LVU. SiS hem tar emot ungdomar med psykosociala problem. Under de senaste åren har nyheter rapporterat att våldet inom SiS hemmen har ökat markant. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka personalens upplevelse av våld som sker på en SiS institution. I denna studie intervjuas sju behandlings assistenter som arbetar på SiS. 

Frågeställning 

• Hur arbetar personalen på SiS för att motverka våld på arbetsplatsen?
• Hur påverkar den sociala relationen personalens situation? 
• Hur kan personalens upplevelser förstås utifrån ett maktperspektiv? 

Denna uppsats är en kvalitativ studie där sju behandlingspedagoger som arbetar på SiS ungdomshem intervjuats med en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Teorikapitlet består av Foucaults maktteori. Empirin har sedan analyserats utifrån ”att analysera kvalitativt material” (Rennstam & Wästerfors 2011). Detta innebär att vi har sorterat, reducerat och argumenterat för vår empiri. Resultatet visade att relationsskapande mellan personal och ungdom är ett viktigt verktyg för att kunna minska våldet på SiS. Studien visar att personalen på SiS inte alltid är medvetna om deras maktutövande under det dagliga arbetet som kan komma till att spela stor roll till varför våld uppstår. 

The issue of sick leave and an increase of ill health in the workplace is a social problem inSwedenthat is currently an important topic. Public human service organisations are one of the sectors where this is a major problem. The aim of this study is to examine what significance the leadership in public human service organisations has on the health and sense of well being among the staff within the organisation. We have chosen to look at this issue from a health promoting perspective where we focused on health factors and to what extent the management can influence and promote the possibilities for a healthy workplace with healthy staff. The results of the study are based on interviews with three leaders within the public human service sector. Results shows that having staff that are content and healthy is a key ingredient in the organisations goal to provide the best possible care and service to their clients. The results also identify leadership qualities and tools that are important such as being present in the workplace and available for the staff and also setting a good example. Other leadership qualities such as being clear in their role as to what they expect from their staff, being goal orientated, and being strong and secure in their leadership proved to be important in relation to health in the workplace. Making sure that the staff feel that they have the possibility to influence their working conditions and given the opportunity to participate in changes were also identified as important health promoting factors. The study also shows that showing trust in the staff and allowing them to take responsibility as well as seeing them as individuals is also important health promoting factors. It became evident that achieving a healthy workplace is a process where all the factors are equally important.

My intention with this study is to examine how integration is understood andimplemented in the daily work with the purpose to integrate asylum-seeking childrenliving within residential care, which is a temporal care for asylum-seeking youths between15-20 years of age.More intentionally my aim is to study the essence of integration work with its benefits anddifficulties which is in this study described from youth pedagogues working with the focusto integrate asylum-seeking children. My aim is also to understand integration workmethods and its effects in the mission to integrate asylum-seeking youths. The study isbased on qualitative semi structure interviews of six youth pedagogues working inresidential care with the roll to integrate asylum-seeking children. The result in this studydescribes the understanding of integration in different ways which can explain thecomplicity in the roll youth pedagogues has got when integrating asylum-seeking children.Despite the lack of obvious methods, visions and goals with integration work, youthpedagogues give answers which leads us to believe that safety factors and risk factors isimportant factors to consider in attempting integration of asylum-seeking youths. Thesefactors are important to consider and understand due to the reason that this knowledgegives an understanding in needs, effects and results of integration work of asylum-seekingchildren

Studien analyserar sambanden mellan sysselsättning för unga vuxna med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning som gått i gymnasiesärskolan och deras sociala bakgrund, mätt som föräldrarnas utbildningsnivå och geografiska härkomst. Den här registerstudien baseras på Halmstad university register on pupils with intellectual disabilities (HURPID), Longitudinell integrationsdatabas för arbetsmarknads- och sjukförsäkringsstudier (LISA) samt LSS-registret. Studien omfattar 12 269 unga med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning som gick ut gymnasiesärskolan mellan 2001 och 2011. De samband som studeras analyseras genom multipla logistiska regressioner. Resultaten visar att föräldrars utbildningsnivå har viss betydelse för före detta gymnasiesärskoleelevers sysselsättning. Barn till högutbildade föräldrar har med större sannolikhet en sysselsättning inom daglig verksamhet och barn till lågutbildade föräldrar har med större sannolikhet ett förvärvsarbete. Sannolikheten för att ha någon av sysselsättningskategorierna daglig verksamhet eller förvärvsarbete är lägst bland barn till föräldrar som är födda i länder utanför Norden. Högutbildade föräldrar antas ha en högre grad av den ”välfärdskompetens” som krävs för att hantera dagens välfärdssystem och härigenom kunna påverka de ungas möjligheter att få insatser likt daglig verksamhet. Lågutbildade föräldrar antas ha egna erfarenheter av, och kontakter med, arbetsplatser där det finns arbetsuppgifter utan (eller med låga) formella kompetenskrav. Samhällets kunskaper och medvetenhet om den sociala bakgrundens betydelse för efter(sär)gymnasial sysselsättning bland unga med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning behöver öka. Detta i syfte att bättre möta varierande individuella förutsättningar och främja etablering i arbetslivet för fler unga vuxna med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning vid övergången från skoltid till arbetsliv.

Under hösten 2006 har Högskolan i Halmstad, på uppdrag av Laholms kommun, genomfört en brukarundersökning bland de kommuninvånare som tar del av insatser enligt lagen (1993:387) om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (LSS). De totalt 183 brukarna som oktober 2006 hade LSS-insatser har getts möjligheten att besvara en enkät som berör fler områden av den dagliga tillvaron i Laholms kommun. Undersökningen har både syftat till att ge en nulägesbeskrivning samt en bild av önskningar och farhågor inför framtiden med avseende på de verksamheter som bedrivs på LSS-området i kommunen.

Den grundläggande och viktigaste poängen med undersökningen är att belysa brukarnas egna upplevelser, erfarenheter och önskningar. En version av enkäten skickades ut till barn och ungdomar under 21 år och en annan sändes till vuxna över 22 år. Huvudresultaten i undersökningen presenteras nedan.

• Av de totalt 183 utskickade enkäterna inkom 117 svar, vilket ger en total svarsfrekvens på 64 %.

• Av dem som besvarat enkäterna är 53,4 % kvinnor/flickor och 46,6 % män/pojkar. Vid en uppdelning mellan barn/ungdomar och vuxna ser könsfördelningen ut enligt följande: Barn/ungdom: Flickor: 43,3 %, Pojkar: 56,7 % Vuxna: Kvinnor: 57 %, Män 43 %

• Respondenternas erfarenheter och upplevelser av innehållet och utformningen av de insatser som man tar del av är över lag positiva. Detsamma gäller den hjälp och det bemötande man fått från flera olika personalkategorier samt det allmänna stödet och servicen i kommunen.

• Kritiken som framkommer i enkätsvaren gäller främst brister i olika former av information. Kritiken berör både den faktiska förekomsten av information i allmänhet samt innehållet och omfånget av densamma i synnerhet. Kritik framkom även kring de otillräckliga insatser som några ansåg sig ha samt om den avstannade utveckling och snålhet som vissa av respondenterna anser råda i kommunen.

• Särskilt i enkätsvaren från barn och ungdomar tecknas en bild av en relativt utbredd ensamhetsproblematik i kommunen. Hela 44,4 % i ålderskategorin 0-21 år säger att man inte har några vänner som man träffar och att man för det mesta är ensam.

• De närmaste 5-10 åren behöver barnen och ungdomarna insatser som man inte tar del av idag. Detta gäller särskilt insatserna daglig verksamhet och boende för vuxna. Bland önskemålen inför framtiden återfinns små gruppbostäder, egna lägenheter och kooperativa boenden.

• De närmaste 5-10 åren behöver de vuxna brukarna insatser inom de insatser som man tar del av idag. Man vill helt enkelt ha mer av de insatser som man har idag. Önskemålen gäller såväl boende som sysselsättning och övriga insatser.

Knowledge about people with intellectual disability (ID) and their connections to the labor market is scarce. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the entry into and representation in the Swedish labor market for people with ID, discussed with a special focus on the gender perspective. This study included 2,745 individuals (30% women and 70% men) who graduated from Swedish upper secondary schools for pupils with intellectual disability (USSID) in the 2000s, and who were defined as employees in 2011. Graduation data from 2001 to 2011 were analyzed in relation to employment data from 2011 and adjusted for gender, graduation year, and educational program. Results show that men who attended a national USSID program and graduated between 2001 and 2006 were the most likely group to have a job. The authors conclude that the gender differences in the Swedish labor market are more clearly pronounced among women and men with ID in relation to employment rate, wage levels, and professions than in the general population. Education, welfare-services, and interventions specifically targeted to meet the needs of people with ID have to develop in more gender-sensitive ways. © 2016 International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The aim of this ongoing study is to identify and analyze former pupils ́ relationship to the labor market after the graduation from the Swedish upper secondary school for pupils with intellectual disabilities. The study includes 10,517 former pupils who graduated between 2001-2010 and describes the former pupils ́ relation to the labor market as it was in 2010. The study is based on the cross classification of a newly created register combined with two Swedish national registers from Statistics Sweden and the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. One of the preliminary results from this study is that the assumption, presented in media as well as in previous research that the majority of the current pupils are going directly from school to the municipal or private organized daily activities do not seem to match reality. Our results indicate that 48% of the total population were in daily activities in 2010 and 20% of the total population were defined as “in paid work” during the same year and the actual picture of what the former pupils do after they have graduated from upper secondary school for pupils with intellectual disabilities is much more complex than the assumed. Analyses on the current data that are carried out at the moment will be presented at the NNDR-conference.

Personal assistance (PA) has been characterized as a melting pot consisting of, on the one hand, a social rights discourse with its basis among disabled people, and, on the other hand, a consumer directed market discourse increasingly putting its stamp on welfare policy in the Western world. In the realm of welfare politics, these discourses are, in many ways, opposites, but have found common ground in the demand for a more individual and consumer friendly provision of services. Within a shared welfare state model, the application of PA has developed divergently in the Scandinavian countries and relates to the two discourses in different ways. In this article, PA in Denmark, Norway and Sweden is presented and similarities and differences are discussed and analysed. Questions raised include: How can the differences between the countries be understood? What dilemmas within welfare policy do they illustrate? How do the different discourses put their marks on the different PA-models in the Scandinavian countries? How do the PA programmes seem to develop further and what kind of PA will the Scandinavian countries end up with in the future?. © 2014 Nordic Network on Disability Research.

The aim of this study is to investigate what kind of support unaccompanied children needs when arriving in Sweden, according to the staff that is receiving unaccompanied asylum seeking children in Sweden. The method is qualitative and is based on interviews and previous research. The result shows that the main subjects who were of interest from the interviews are elementary need, the support offered, security, “parental gestalt”, education, leisure, obstacles in the work.

All the interviewees describe young people's needs very different when it differs from person to person. The support children receive is the most important factor that unaccompanied children need to be developed and get a better and safer life. The results show that the staff is aware of all the knowledge needed to be a good role model and a supportive adult in children's lives. It was clear how vital the relationship with the unaccompanied children is to be able to work. The staff believes that in most HVB homes they try to create and become a good family. Within each HVB home created some kind of family structure where you go into different roles such as mother's role. Some of the staff did not have a "family matter" has been a good friend relationship with these children. The group is very different and there are different personalities, among them, which is very good according to the staff. Emerged during the interviews was that the children feel at home in the school where one follows a certain pattern, one with classmates creates community that lead to these children perceiving them as family. Even the food that is assigned to the school every day gives a sense of security that someone cares about their well-being. The staff points out how important it is for these children to create a network of contacts outside the HVB home and be physical active. By organizing various activities to try to get kids to participate and socialize with other people.

Obstacles in the work: The staff believes that they encounter conflicts of everyday life and simultaneously try to solve it smoothly. One pretty big obstacle in the work is communication due to lack of language knowledge.

Due to on going wars and conflicts in the world, the number of people seeking asylum in other countries has increased. Including a large group of unaccompanied minors which is described as ”children who left their country without their parents or a significant other”. In 2015, nearly 35,000 unaccompanied children arrived in Sweden seeking asylum, whereupon the majority arrived in the last months of the year. The large number resulted in an extreme pressure upon the Swedish municipalities, to successfully receive all unaccompanied children. And fulfill their organizational mission according to the Swedish legislation.

Therefore the purpose of the study is to establish a deeper understanding of how a social service, organizationally handled an increase in the number of unaccompanied children. A qualitative method was used, consisting semi-structured interviews with nine respondents from or related to the social services. The data of the study were analyzed using a thematic analysis, meaning a search for patterns to create themes and subthemes.

The results of the study show that the increase number of unaccompanied minors were experienced and had to be handled as a crisis. The bureaucratic structure of the social service became problematic and constituted an obstacle in the efforts to receive the unaccompanied children. Including a difficulty to follow existing laws and regulations. To resolve the situation the social service had to be flexible and creative in their approach to receive the children.

One conclusion is that a bureaucratic structure is not suitable in a dynamic environment that demands quick decisions and flexibility. Another conclusion is that the effort of the staff has been crucial, resolving the crisis.

Today, the terms ‘young people’ and ‘rural Sweden’ are automatically associated with problems. Young people are associated with various worrying issues, such as mental illness, stress, pressure at school, or internet risk. Being young and living in a rural community is often regarded as especially problematic. Rural life is thought dull, and bracketed with isolation, lack of meaningful activities, and being inferior to urban spaces. In this thesis, these well-known problematics are set aside in favour of studying young people’s everyday lives in a broader sense.

This thesis investigates how young people in rural areas do everyday life in interaction with their wider surroundings. Young people’s doings are interpreted against those of adult ‘interveners’, the professionals and volunteers who work with the young and intervene in their activities and places. Applying a symbolic interactionist approach, youngsters’ everyday activities and their doing of everyday life were investigated by ethnographic fieldwork in a Swedish village. The thesis is based on data from observations and interviews with young people and interveners in the village. The thesis introduces an analytical framework for interpreting everyday life. A ternary framework, it comprises three dimensions of everyday life: heightened everydayness, unnoticed everydayness, and dull everydayness. The framework has been created in response to the study’s empirical material, and serves as an analytical lens throughout the study.

The results show that young people and interveners portray everyday life in the village differently. Interveners focus primary on the problematic aspects of rural life. Youngsters instead highlight heightened everydayness. In accordance with young people’s representations of everyday life, the thesis thus focuses on heightened everydayness. The analysis shows how youngsters accomplish heightened everydayness by being on the move, physically and virtually; engaging in indeterminate or problematic situations; and being with cared-for people, animals and things. Based on the study’s results, it is found that everyday knowledge emerges as crucial for heightened everydayness. The thesis concludes that everyday life is valuable. Contrary to general understandings of everyday life as grey and dull, the study shows everyday life as rich in content, meaningful, and fun.

In contemporary Ghana, the traditional system and professional social work operate as two parallel systems within the field of social work. The aim of this study was to investigate if and how the teaching of contemporary professional social work in Ghana takes into account traditional actors and practices. The traditional system includes extended family members and traditional authorities such as chiefs or family heads. It formed the social institution that protected and cared for the vulnerable before (Western) social work was introduced as a formal profession in Ghana. A 10-week ethnographic field study was conducted at the Department of Social Work at the University of Ghana. The study employed a qualitative, social constructionist approach, interpreting the results within a theoretical framework of social world theory. The empirical material consisted of interviews with students and teachers, participant observation at lectures, and various documents. The main findings of the study were that professional social workers and traditional actors can be seen as members of two subworlds – the subworld of professional social workers and the subworld of traditional actors. Students and teachers discuss interventions from the perspective of social workers and traditional actors. Their ability to take different perspectives seems to be crucial for localisation – the process by which social work is made relevant to local culture and traditions. The interviewees’ accounts reveal how localisation is not only about culture, but also about social structures and practical considerations. The poor state of the social work profession in Ghana affects interventions in a profound way.

Turning rural knowledge into "nothing" or "something" From the perspective of the Swedish education system, rural knowledge does not seem to be particularly important. Many young people in rural areas have deep and important knowledge that is invisible in school and during school time, both to teachers and to the young people themselves. This paper examines knowledge used in agriculture and animal husbandry, a type of knowledge that is particularly useful in rural areas but mostly invisible in the education system. Through observations and interviews with students and their teachers in rural Sweden, the paper provides a detailed account of the everyday social processes by which such knowledge is produced as 'nothing' (cf. Scott 2019) and occasionally as 'something'. The empirical basis of the paper is ethnographic data collected during a year and a half of fieldwork in a small village and village school in southern Sweden. The invisibility of young people's knowledge is understood here as the result of active practices. Invisibility and nothingness are thus not properties, but outcomes of social processes (Scott 2019). Some knowledge is made invisible, unnecessary and unimportant, while other knowledge is made visible, necessary and important (Burke 2023; Lässig 2016; Proctor & Schiebinger 2008). This paper shows such social practices as they unfold in the everyday lives of young people in rural areas, in and out of school. 

References

Burke, Peter (2023) Ignorance: a global history, Yale University Press, New Haven

Lässig, Simone (2016). The history of knowledge and the expansion of the historical research agenda. Bulletin of the GHI Washington, 59 (Fall 2016), 29–58.

Proctor, Robert N. & Schiebinger, Londa (red.) (2008). Agnotology: the making and unmaking of ignorance.Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press 

Scott, Susie (2019). The social life of nothing: silence, invisibility and emptiness in tales of lost experience. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge

During the last decade the intersection between social welfare research and the ecological crisis has been gaining increasing interest through discussions about sustainable welfare and eco-social policies. Less attention has been paid, however, to eco-social risks and to how climate change “will impact the nature and distribution of social risks across different parts of the population” (Hirvilammi et al. 2023), even though these kinds of risks which are directly related to human health and security are expected to increase with further global warming. In order to handle eco- social risks just and effective social security systems and policies will be needed.

However, in order to say something about welfare state responses and social protection schemes it is crucial to know in what way these eco-social risks are manifested and for example if certain groups in society are more or less exposed to them. Literature on disaster risks highlight an ‘exposure bias’, where it is argued that “poor people are disproportionally affected by natural hazards and disasters” (Hallegatte et al. 2020). Also the sustainable welfare literature point to the fact that socio-economically disadvantaged groups are disproportionally affected by climate change. With preliminary insights from the disaster research field, it seems as though this general narrative is valid in certain geographical contexts but not in all and not with respect to different kinds of eco-social risks. Research also points to the fact that in some cases high income residents will be more impacted by for example coastal flooding.

Moreover, and connected to the discussions about ‘exposure bias’, the concept of vulnerability is highly salient in the disaster literature, emphasizing that certain people or groups are particularly vulnerable to environmental hazards. There is, however, a lack of clarity on what this concept holds. It is often used generically, simply to say that inequalities in relation to environmental hazards exist. The concept per se is rarely defined or discussed, and the specifics of alleged inequalities and vulnerabilities are seldom clarified. In addition, there are different terms and concepts in vogue to denote inequalities, making it difficult to discern what alleged inequalities studies actually point at.

In this article we review the empirical research on eco-social risks in a European welfare regime context. The aim of the study is to present an overview of the empirical research on the unequal impacts of environmental hazards on people and communities in a number of European countries that each represent various European welfare regimes. In particular, the study aims to examine what people

and communities are considered to be particularly affected by environmental hazards in various European countries. We also analyze how the vulnerability concept, when being used, is conceptualized with respect to environmental hazards. Lastly, the study also aims to discuss potential welfare state responses and social protection schemes to meet these new kinds of eco-social risks that contemporary welfare states increasingly are faced with.

Boken analyserar det skolsociala arbetet ur flera perspektiv. Den handlar om skolan och elevhälsan som organisatorisk och institutionell kontext för det sociala arbetet, om skolsociala problemområden samt om metoder och perspektiv i skolsocialt arbete. I denna andra upplaga har innehållet i antologin uppdaterats utifrån det aktuella kunskapsläget samt utifrån förändringar i lagstiftning och riktlinjer både relaterat till skola och socialtjänst.

Gang crime is a featured topic in mass media and in many cases creates headlines. We have chosen to carry out a thematic analysis in order to be able to investigate how gang crime is presented through a limited selection of articles in the media, for the reason that previous research shows low research engagement regarding the media's message of crime and social disorder. Furthermore, it is also investigated if and how women in gang crime are portrayed in the media because the man is used as a norm in criminology. The study has been conducted with a constructionist point of view that is used as a scientific point of departure where it is stated that concepts and knowledge are socially constructed and therefore not possible to reproduce the image of an object in an objective way. The result was analyzed with concepts derived from social constructionist theory and agenda theory. Previous research shows how mass media chooses to produce publications according to interests, which has consequences for both areas of society and for social groups. To achieve our aim, we have used 14 articles published in three of Sweden's largest newspapers. The articles have been analyzed with a systematic analysis scheme with five themes. We have based our research on the concept of gang crime, the media's effects and norms. The result shows how the mass media constructs different realities through attributes for the public that can lead to prejudice towards both social groups and specific areas which is linked to feelings such as concerns and insecurities in the public.

The purpose of the study is to demonstrate a greater understanding of unit manager within the geriatric care' experiences of leadership based on the geographic location. We obtained this understanding mainly through interviews with nine business/unit manager within the geriatric care. Four work physically together with their employees, four work from a remote location and on mix between proximity and distance. The interviews were conducted in a medium-sized municipality in southern Sweden. This is qualitative study with a hermeneutic approach containing semi-structured interviews, which means that the respondents’ answers provide a deeper understanding of their views on the geographic location. Our results demonstrate both the pros and cons of controlling a leadership in proximity and remotely. Study results show that communication is more limited in leadership at a distance than it is in a leadership in the vicinity, but that groups led from a distance are more self-sustaining. The majority of respondents' answers suggest that leadership in proximity gives employees the ability to easily reach a manager, hence, resulting in an increased interaction between managers and employees. However, the results of the study derived from the respondents' answers, which show that the unit manager will be more disturbed by the employees in a leadership in proximity.

The purpose of this study is to investigate, understand and reflect on the factors that may have contributed to six individuals, who upon arrival were counted as unaccompanied refugee, integration into Swedish society. In order to answer our questions, we have chosen to use a qualitative approach which permitts a deeper understanding for ourselves as well as obtaining their subjective experiences of their integration. We based our analysis on five scientific papers and theories and concepts such as; Angel & Hjern (2004) Refugee Crisis Model, Beckman (2011) Integration Theory, Kamalis (2006), "We" and "Them" theory, Goffman (2006) Stigma theory and Berger & Luckmann (2008) Socializations theory. The results showed that the respondents felt that the language was an important factor in the integration and that the host family had a great significance for them. The respondents think that all unaccompanied refugee should take part of living with a host family.

Keywords: Unaccompanied refugee children, Socialization, Integration, Stigma.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers working on the Social Services unit's children and young people feels that their discretion is influenced by laws and guidelines in the assessment regarding children who witness or are subjected to violence and to what extent the child perspective is included in the investigation process. To this end, the authors have used a qualitative method that is consisted of semistructured interviews with eight social workers in Halland County in Sweden. The authors have interpreted the respondents’ statement in relation to Lipsky’s theory of street- level bureaucracy and Shier’s theory of childrens participation. In the result, it emerged that social workers, based on their position have a tendency to ‘’ get caught up ‘’ between the client and the organization. The conclusion of the study shows that the situation of social workers can characterize a kind of confusion as they to a certain stage have big discretion where they by themselves can influence their way of work depending on the child and its situation by using BBIC as a work method and in that way include the children perspective in the room for action.