The purpose of the study was to investigate how individuals with boundless work enable their recovery in relation to their work situation, and identify which factors enable the individual's recovery experience of an activity. Ten people, seven women and three men aged 31-58, participated in the study's semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed in a qualitative content analysis. The result showed that control, relaxation, mastery, pleasure and social support were the individuals' recovery experiences, both during and after working hours, and that they often, but not always, lead to psychological detachment from work. The result also showed four individual based factors, individual preference, energy level, degree of conscious presence and level of stress, and four situational factors, degree of socialization, degree of autonomy, job situation and degree of variation that enable the recovery experience of an activity. The conclusion is that recovery from work is important for the individual's well-being, just as theory and empirical evidence have shown, and for individuals with boundless work continuous recovery is necessary both during and after working hours, which often involves psychological detachment but not always. The individual needs to take control, set boundaries and make time for relaxation, mastery, pleasure and social support, and taking into account the individual and situational based factors when choosing recovery activity.

Compared to other disciplines of psychology, sport and exercise psychology is a very young field. Sport psychology associations were founded in a variety of countries (particularly in Europe and North America) in the 1960es and later, after the first World Congress of Sport Psychology had taken place in Rome in 1965. Despite the fact that even in those ages quite a few women were studying psychology and afterwards starting a scientific career, females in sport psychology were extremely underrepresented. One of the reasons could lie in the fact that sport, much more than psychology, was a stereotypically male field, with only a few opportunities available to women. Making a career in sport psychology was then a double contradiction for women. First, making a career in general contradicted the typical female role, and second, making a career in sport meant an untypical field for women.

The presentation will be structured as a dialogue between the two presenters – female sport psychologists working in the field for more than 30 years. Both were born and started their careers during the period of the Cold War: Dorothee Alfermann in the Federal Republic of Germany, and Natalia Stambulova in the Soviet Union. Both countries do not exist on the European map any more reflecting dramatic political, social and economic changes in Europe during the last two decades. All the changes in the European context put their impacts on the development of sport and exercise psychology in Europe including overall organizational development, as well as female careers and their contributions to European Federation of Sport Psychology (FEPSAC), other international sport psychology organizations (e.g., ISSP, AASP) and international sport psychology events (e.g., Congresses). The dialogue will be structured around the following three themes: (a) the presenters’ own careers analyzed from the point of gender issues (e.g., female professional role models and mentors), (b) history of European sport and exercise psychology, foundation of FEPSAC and contribution of its first President Ema Geron (1969-1973), and (c) female sport psychology professionals’ role in today’s European sport psychology and their contributions to FEPSAC, ISSP, AASP, national sport psychology associations, the editorial board of Psychology of Sport and Exercise, the European Forum of Applied Sport Psychologists, the European Master’s Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology (EMSSEP), and the recent European Master’s (Mundus) Program in Sport and Exercise Psychology (EMPSEP).

Exercise dependence is a maladaptive pattern of exercise with a craving for physical activity that results in extreme exercise that may generate mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. Previous research suggests that individuals with certain personality traits are more prone to develop exercise dependence. However, research on personality traits and exercise dependence is still limited. In the current study, predictive abilities of anxiety, obsessive passion and appearance orientation on exercise dependence were investigated. A longitudinal design was adopted to investigate if personality related factors could predict exercise dependence. The sample consisted of 206 regular exercisers (100 males and 106 females) from various exercise groups, sport clubs and sport science classes in Sweden (Mage = 28,5 years; SD = 9,97). The LPA (Latent Profile Analysis) showed that a model with two profiles provided best fit to the data, and that profile belonging at T1 could predict measures of exercise dependence at T2. Profile 1: “high risk exercisers” reported significantly higher levels of exercise dependence, anxiety, obsessive passion and appearance orientation compared to Profile 2: “low risk exercisers”. This study highlights factors that may characterize people who develop exercise dependence. High-risk exercisers are obsessively passionate about their training and exercise may function as a tool to cope with anxiety. If the individual for some reason is prevented from training, feelings of anxiety and guilt are often experienced. Furthermore, these individuals tend to be self-conscious about how they look and appear to other people. To them, exercise may also work as a way to achieve body ideals. The results of the current study suggest plausible mechanisms of why exercise behaviours become unhealthy and uncontrollable for some exercisers whereas others manage to remain healthy.

Studiens syfte var att studera träningsberoende i relation till ångest, depression, självkritik, passion, kroppstillfredsställelse och idrottsidentitet samt skillnader avseende dessa faktorer mellan individer med och utan träningsberoende. Vidare undersöktes om dessa faktorer kunde predicera träningsberoende. Datainsamling skedde via webbenkät. I studien deltog 124 individer, 62 män och 62 kvinnor. Enligt resultat på EDS-R kategoriserades 15 som träningsberoende, 100 som symptomatiska och 9 som icke träningsberoende. Resultatet visade signifikanta samband mellan träningsberoende, grad av träning, ångest, jämförande och internaliserad självkritik, harmonisk och tvångsmässig passion, AO samt idrottsidentitet. Vidare fanns skillnader mellan träningsberoende och icke träningsberoende gällande GLTEQ, regelbundenhet av fysisk aktivitet, genomsnittlig längd på träningspass, idrottslig ambitionsnivå, ångest, jämförande och internaliserad självkritik, tvångsmässig passion samt idrottsidentitet. Regressionsanalys visade att träningsmängd mätt i GLTEQ, genomsnittlig längd på träningspass, ångest, internaliserad självkritik, harmonisk och tvångsmässig passion förklarade 42 % av variansen hos variabeln träningsberoende. Sammantaget indikerade studiens resultat att träningsmängd, ångest, självkritik och passion kan vara mekanismer som är särskilt viktiga att beakta för att upptäcka, förebygga och behandla träningsberoende. Resultatet kan anses användbart exempelvis för idrottsföreningar, hälso- och träningsinstitutioner som sannolikt kommer i kontakt med träningsberoende individer. För dem kan studiens resultat ge kunskap som kan bidra till förståelse för vad träningsberoende är, hur individer i riskzonen kan upptäckas samt möjliga vägar till förebyggande och behandling. 

Researchers have identified some demands of Canadian National Hockey League (NHL) players, yet there is little direction for players hoping to reach the lucrative league. The objectives of this study were to identify the stages, statuses and demands in Canadian NHL players’ careers and propose an empirical career model of Canadian NHL players. In total, 5 rookies, 5 veterans and 13 retirees had their interviews undergo an interpretive thematic analysis. Prospects face the NHL combine, training camp and minor league assignment. While developing into NHL players, rookies deal with NHL call-ups, team competition and formative production while sophomores seemed preoccupied by the opposition. Prime veterans become All-Stars by garnering point production and challenging for the Stanley Cup while seasoned veterans remain relevant through training camps. A discussion about the model’s viability is followed by applications for sport psychology researchers and practitioners. © 2015 Taylor & Francis

The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between exercise dependence, basic psychological needs, perfectionism and anxiety. Specifically, the purpose was to examine if the relationship between psychological needs thwarting and exercise dependence as well as socially prescribed perfectionism and exercise dependence was mediated by anxiety. Participants were 59 team sport athletes with the mean age 20.36 years from twelve different team sport clubs in Sweden. Data were analysed using PROCESS tool in the program Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). The PROCESS analysis indicated that anxiety did not mediate the relationship between psychological needs thwarting and exercise dependence or socially prescribed perfectionism and exercise dependence. Further, the results showed that needs thwarting and perfectionism had a direct effect on exercise dependence. This indicates that needs thwarting and socially prescribed perfectionism should be considered risk factors for exercise dependence in team sports. Anxiety did not predict exercise dependence. Based on the findings, exercise dependence is a complex process where different personal and social factors interact. Further research is recommended to increase the understanding about potential risk factors and mediating mechanisms that can explain how exercise dependence develop in team sports.

All rights reserved.The aim of this study was to examine the perceptions of within-career transition, as experienced by student-athletes striving to reach the international level. Interviews were used to examine the perceptions of 26 Swedish student-athletes with a mean age of 22.5 years practicing individual sportsa the national elite level, involved in a career assistance program. Categories identified through them at iccontent analysis were changes experienced in the transition, the career assistance program, resources to adjust to the new level in sport, satisfaction with their current situation, and strategies to adjust to the new level in sport. The athletes highlighted the value of interpersonal support and commitment, and recognized the need to develop further coping strategies, such as stress and time management. Practical implications for promoting successful within-career transitions are discussed. © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 

The aim of this study was to examine the perceptions of within-career transition, as experienced by student-athletes striving to reach the international level. Interviews were used to examine the perceptions of 26 Swedish student-athletes with a mean age of 22.5 years practicing individual sportsatthe national elite level, involved in a career assistance program. Categories identified through thematiccontent analysis were changes experienced in the transition, the career assistance program, resources to adjust to the new level in sport, satisfaction with their current situation, and strategies to adjust to the new level in sport. The athletes highlighted the value of interpersonal support and commitment, and recognized the need to develop further coping strategies, such as stress and time management. Practical implications for promoting successful within-career transitions are discussed © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and a randomized controlled trial design, the effect of autonomy-supportive text messages was examined in comparison with neutral messages or no messages regarding the participants basic psychological needs, motivation and activity level. Digital quantitative data collection was used, and the web surveys were sent out three times to participants, pre, during and post intervention. A total of 107 male and female volunteers responded to the baseline measurement and were then divided into three different groups, inactive control group (n = 45), active control group (n = 29) and intervention group (n = 33). The intervention took place in relation to a step contest. Text messages were sent to the participant’s in the active control group and intervention group twice a week for a total of eight weeks, via a digital platform. There were no significant differences between the groups in the baseline measurement. A two-way ANOVA (repeated measure) showed that the intervention had a significant effect on the experience of relatedness during the intervention. However, there were no other significant intervention effects. The results suggest that the digital intervention, to provide participants with autonomy supportive text messages, does not have a lasting effect on need satisfaction, motivation or activity level.

Introduction: This presentation will focus on the content of PhD project of the first author who has had extensive experiences of working in American schools within underserved (i.e., poor) communities. In spite of lacking resources, some of these schools are able to contribute into developing high performance athletes in various sports (including racket sports) and empowering them to achieve the success against the odds. These real life examples served as an inspiration to investigate such athletes’ career pathways and environments in which they had grown up.

Aim and theoretical framework: The aim of this project is to acquire knowledge regarding the challenges and barriers faced by athletic talent development environments in underserved communities (UATDEs) and how successful UATDEs manage to help athletes achieve athletic and personal success against the odds. The study is based on the holistic ecological approach (Henriksen, 2010; Henriksen & Stambulova, 2017), and particularly on the athletic talent development environment (ATDE) model. The model was previously applied to study ATDEs in Scandinavia with its high social and economic equality. Conversely, in the United States, with its large income gap, many underserved communities struggle to produce elite athletes, and little investigation has been conducted surrounding such environments.

Project design and method: The project will consist of three studies. Study 1will focus on exploring career pathways to athletic success and related environmental and personal factors in American athletes with low SES background through a series of interviews. Another series of interviews will be used in Study 2 to examine key stakeholders' perspectives on challenges faced and strategies implemented in UATDEs. In Study 3, the case study approach will be used to investigate two successful UATDEs within American communities and identify shared features responsible for their talent development success.

Expected results: It is expected that Study 1 will reveal that athletes at the UATDEs were forced to deal with hardship and overcome a number of challenges that made them more resilient compared to those from affluent circumstances. From Study 2 it is expected to identify a spectrum of complicated issues (e.g., lack of funding, less access to practice time, lower moral, high stress and low levels of communication and support) that the UATDEs deal with. The anticipated results from Study 3 are that successful UATDEs have unique but also shared features that may form the basis for developing UATDE frameworks as an expansion of the holistic ecological approach.

Syftet med aktuell studie var att få en uppfattning om hur skadade idrottare använder sig av målsättningsarbete under rehabiliteringen, samt vad de har för upplevelser av a) det sociala stödet och, b) självförtroendet. Till grund för studien formades tre stycken frågeställningar: (1) hur har de skadade idrottarna använt sig av målsättningsarbete, (2) hur ser idrottarnas sociala stöd ut samt (3) hur upplever idrottarna sitt självförtroende. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer på sju stycken deltagare. Deltagarna var två kvinnor och fem män i åldrarna 17 till 33 (M=24.6), från olika idrotter och olika nivåer. Intervjuerna dokumenterades med hjälp av bandspelare för att sedan analyseras genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att självförtroendet påverkades negativt vid skada samt att stödet från familjen och vännerna ansåg viktigast under rehabiliteringen. I aktuell studie framkom det också att det sociala stödet i stor utsträckning hade förändrats under rehabiliteringen. I diskussionen sammankopplas studiens resultat med föreskrivna teoretiska referensramar.

The aim of the study was to examine the acute effects of exercise on three executivefunctions: attention, inhibition and working memory, in regularly exercising women (​n​ = 10)and men (​n​ = 10). Furthermore, the purpose was to investigate if different intensity levels ofaerobic exercise had an effect on executive functioning. Twenty adults, aged 21-54 years,participated in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to one of two differentexercise intensity levels, moderate or vigorous. Every participant was assigned twoconditions, inactive and active. In both conditions, the participants were exposed to twentyminutes on a stationary bicycle, followed by a 10 minute delay before testing cognitivefunctions. To evaluate executive performance, three cognitive tests were used: the Strooptest, Trail Making Test and Digit span. No significant results were found. Results fromprevious studies, combined with the present study, indicate that the relationship betweenexercise and executive functioning is very complex and needs further research.

Global self-worth is important for healthy development and learning, and is therefore highlighted as a major aim in the Norwegian physical education (PE) curriculum. Based on prior research this study aimed to assess potential differences in global self-worth and contextual basic need satisfaction among 2854 adolescents (47.5% boys, 52.5% girls, ages 13 and 16) participating in different movement contexts, and to determine whether basic need satisfaction in PE relates to global self-worth. Structural equation modeling analyses indicate that basic need satisfaction in PE relates significantly to global self-worth. However, adolescents who do not participate in movement contexts outside school report significantly lower basic need satisfaction in PE compared to their sports-active peers, and could possibly therefore experience reduced global self-worth development through PE. Findings support research showing that sports active youth reap most of the benefits of PE, and thus, that PE violates the principles of equal education. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

De senaste åren har det skett en kraftig ökning av sjukskrivningar bland psykologer och psy-

koterapeuter. Forskning har visat att dessa yrkesgrupper riskerar att drabbas av stressrelaterad problematik i samband med att möta patienter med trauma och andra former av psykisk ohäl- sa. Dispositionell mindfulness och self-compassion har i tidigare forskning visat ett negativt samband med stresserelaterad problematik, men har endast i begränsad omfattning studerats i samband med den stress psykoterapeuter möter. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka sambandet mellan yrkesrelaterad livskvalitet hos legitimerade psykoterapeuter och dispositio- nell mindfulness, self-compassion och decentrering, samt undersöka ifall bakgrundsvariabler såsom psykoterapeuters ålder, arbetstid och meditationserfarenhet har något signifikant sam- band med yrkesrelaterad livskvalitet. I studien deltog 59 legitimerade psykoterapeuter i både offentlig och privat verksamhet och sambanden undersöktes genom en korrelationsanalys. Resultaten visade på signifikanta samband mellan mindfulness, self-compassion, decentrering och yrkesrelaterad livskvalitet hos psykoterapeuter. Inga signifikanta samband gick att finna mellan bakgrundsvariablerna och någon av de beroende variablerna. Baserat på resultaten är det rekommenderat att psykoterapeuter som upplever stress i sitt arbete utvecklar inre förhåll- ningssätt baserat på mindfulness och self-compassion. 

Purpose: Due to the global outbreak of Covid-19, Swedish teachers in upper secondary education were forced to conduct emergency remote teaching. As of today, there is a stream of research that addresses digitalization in education in light of the pandemic. Previous studies show that the challenges with the sudden intensification of digitalization have been particularly challenging in practical and aesthetic subjects. The research question is as follows: What challenges did vocational teachers experience during the emergency remote teaching caused by Covid-19 and what emergent tactics can be identified in vocational teaching practice? Design/methodology/approach: The empirical data consists of (1) interviews with two vocational teachers and, (2) workshops with 25 teacher students from different vocational programmes that addressed vocational teaching during the Covid-19 crisis. Findings: Emergency remote teaching meant challenges due to the changed socio-material environment that cannot easily be transformed to a vocational teaching setting. The challenges were related to authentic situations and material, problem solving and dexterity. Tactics that emerged as a response to the challenges were mainly connected to attempts to mimic vocational practices. Originality/value: Contributions include explaining specific challenges and possibilities in developing vocational competence when teaching is digitalised. Furthermore, it increases the understanding of the relationship between theory and practice in vocational education. By adopting a socio-material perspective on vocational competence, the authors enhance the understanding of the importance of a shared socio-material environment. © 2022, Sandra Carlsson, Karin K Flensner, Lars Svensson and Sara Willermark.

The study’s purpose was to explore a team’s perception of transition within the clubexperienced by both players and coaches, investigate influences of the clubs transition onbasic needs satisfaction as perceived by players as well as coaches and lastly conduct a shortterm intervention aimed at facilitating players’ adaptation to the clubs transition. The study isbased on three theories: the Athletic Career Transitional Model, Self Determination theoryand the holistic ecological approach. The study’s participants all represented a club in thesouth of Sweden and consisted of a total of 23 players at the age of 15-17 (M= 15,96, SD=0,64), the club manager, coaches and parents. The study was a mixed method interventionstudy (questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and an intervention consisting of educationalsessions and an implementation phase).The study revealed that the club is still facilitating with remnants of its transition despiteover-looking it. The study found the targeted club to predominantly demand elite investmentfrom players, experience barriers regarding individual differences and communication withinthe club and resources in the form of popular, well-educated coaches. The clubs transition wasfound to influence all basic needs in some way, the change in management brought positivevalues with autonomy supportive measures and coaches. Increased elite investment anddeficient communication within the club also influenced basic needs. Results from theintervention are presented as well as implications with a basis in the theories used.

The study’s purpose was to describe a handball ATDE (Athletic Talent Development Environment) in the south of Sweden and to examine and derive the success factors of the ATDE, and within this context explore the motivational climate and autonomy support as perceived by members of the ATDE. The study is based on three theories: the Holistic ecological approach, Self Determination theory and Achievement Goal theory. The study’s participants all represented a club in the south of Sweden and consisted of players in the age of 15-19, the club manager, coaches and parents. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews, observations and analysis of documents surrounding the club's vision and training/match policies. A total of seven interviews with four players, two coaches and the manager were conducted. Five observations at a minimum of 90 minutes gave the authors a broader view of the ATDE. An analysis of content and a triangulation with the supervisor were conducted in order to interpret the empirical data.

The study revealed that the club is under re-organization, and its enthusiasm to evolve and become even better. The study found the ATDE to have a mastery oriented and autonomy supportive climate which in many ways contributed to the successful features of the ATDE. The study confirms earlier research regarding ATDE success factors as well as connections between SDT and AGT. The results also provide a deeper understanding of how successful factors, relationships, motivational climate and the autonomy support in an ATDE, affects young handball player’s motivation to evolve and reach their full potential. Implications with a basis in the theories used are presented.

Many athletes strive to excel in their sport, dreaming of fame and fortune, aiming for a career as a professional athlete. In the Nordic countries, becoming professional often implies a migration across national borders. In this relocation, it is not only crucial for transnational athletes to adapt in sport, a cultural and psychological adaptation is also needed (Ryba, Haapanen, Mosek, & Ng, 2012; Agergaard & Ryba, 2014). The purpose of this study was to examine team handball players’ experiences of their first transition and adaptation to a professional league in a foreign country, with a specific focus on their perceived demands and coping strategies. Participants were 18 senior elite team handball players (10 male, 8 female). During narrative-type interviews participants were encouraged to tell their story, focusing on how they experienced their first transnational transition. Participants’ narratives were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2013), themes and patterns of meaning were identified. The four major themes of perceived transition demands were: ‘Learn new cultural and social codes’, ‘Adjust to the rules of the new club’, ‘Accept the result focused environment’, ‘Acknowledge your role and play it’. Three themes of coping strategies were: ‘Embrace the challenge’ (e.g., be aware of the new context, negotiate and adapt to new norms and expect the unexpected) ‘Embrace yourself’ (e.g., to care for and prioritize yourself in a self-centered, but still positive way) and ‘Embrace your demons’ (e.g., accept feelings of doubt and anxiety and carry on regardless of them). Based on the research findings recommendations will be provided for psychological support of transnational athletes in their transition and adaptation abroad.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att utforska golf student-idrottares upplevelser av stöd i deras dubbla karriärs miljö från ett helhetsperspektiv. Samt att utforska nyckelpersoners perspektiv på den dubbla karriärens miljö och stödet som finns för golf student-idrottarna, från ett helhetsperspektiv. För att undersöka syftet gjordes två semistrukturerade  intervjuguider, en med frågor om fem olika domäner, idrottslig, akademisk, psykosocial, psykologisk och finansiell. Den andra hade frågor i samma domäner samt frågor om strukturen inom den dubbla karriär miljön. Deltagarna i studien var nio golf student-idrottare som tävlade på internationell eller nationell nivå, medelåldern var 21 (SD=1.80), samt tre nyckelpersoner med en medelålder på 41.33 (SD=8.39). Baserad på resultatet har en utvecklad version av Athletic talent development  environment model tagits fram. Föreliggande studies slutsats var att student-atleterna upplevde mer stöd än brist på stöd i deras dubbla karriär miljö och att mest stöd gavs inom den idrottsliga domänen.

Athletes frequently describe the JST as the most difficult within-career transition, and many of them have acknowledged that they failed to cope well with it (e.g., Stambulova, 2009). Athletes’ development in the junior-to-senior transition (JST) is influenced by narratives existing within relevant contexts and settings. This study served as a follow-up to the quantitative longitudinal study to gain a deeper understanding of individual JST paths through a qualitative narrative approach. The aim was to explore two team sport athletes’ (John, the football player, and Anna, the basketball player) JST pathways, emphasizing psychosocial factors that were perceived as facilitating and debilitating the process. Narrative type interviews were conducted, and the holistic-form structural analysis (Smith, 2016) was used. Through their narratives, John and Anna reconstructed their JST paths, attaching meanings to certain events, recounting the people involved, and making personal reflections. John had a performance and family narrative and Anna, an enjoyment and relationship narrative. They perceived their key facilitating persons to be their family members and teammates. The debilitating factors were some coaches’ behaviors. At the time of this study, John and Anna had already terminated their athletic careers and had refocused on getting an education. Although they did not reach elite senior levels in their sports, they found their athletic career meaningful life experiences.

The aim of the study was to explore the process of the transition from junior to senior sports in Swedish athletes. Previous studies showed that the junior-to-senior transition (a) is initiated by a set of demands relevant to athletic and non-athletic development, (b) lasts for about two years, (c) known for a high dropout rate and often described by athletes as the most difficult within-career transition (e.g., Bruner et al., 2008; Stambulova, 2009; Vanden Auweele et al., 2004). This quantitative longitudinal study included five measurements that were conducted every six months, and altogether covered two-and-a-half-years with two measurements of the transition variables and one measurement of related personal variables each year. The following package of four instruments was used: the Transition Monitoring Survey (Stambulova, Franck, & Weibull, 2012), the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993), the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (Duda, 1989) and the Physical Self-Perception Profile – Revised (Lindwall, Hagger, & Asci, 2007). In the first measurement 101 club-based Swedish athletes (74 males and 27 females) of 15 -20 years old took part. The dynamics of participants was characterized by an increasing dropout rate from each measurement to the next, and as a result only 37 participants were left to the time of the final (fifth) measurement. Overall dynamics of transitional variables throughout the five measurements was characterized by an increase in motivation and perceived quality of adjustment on the senior athletic level from the first to the third measurement followed by a decrease in these variables across the last two measurements. Decrease in the athletes’ perceived degree of adjustment was especially relevant to their adjustment to senior competitions and to combining sport and studies. Perceived importance of sport (especially of competitions) decreased progressively from the first to the fifth measurement. The other transitional variables (e.g., perceived demands, resources, coping strategies, stress level, need in support) were characterized by various types of dynamics. Meanwhile athletes’ athletic identity and overall satisfaction with their sport and life were rather high and stable across all the five measurements. The next step in the data treatment will be based on the Multilevel Modeling and the Latent Growth Curve Analysis to identify successful and less successful transitional pathways with relevant dynamics and patterns of the transitional and personal variables.

According to previous research, the junior-to-senior transition (JST) is decisive for athletes who want to reach the elite/professional sport level, it lasts for 2-4 years, and is known for its high dropout rate. The longitudinal study of the junior-to-senior transition process in Swedish club-based athletes conducted by the authors involved several lines of data analysis with this presentation focusing on the dynamics of athletes’ junior-to-senior transition adjustment in relation to their personal characteristics. The study had five measurements conducted every six months using several instruments; these instruments measured the athletes’ level of athletic identity, task- and ego orientation, self-esteem and adjustment in the transition process. The latent profile analysis identified three profiles (based on athletes personal characteristics; BIC = 771.11; entropy = 0.87; Parametric Bootstrapped likelihood ratio test = -356.07, p < 0.001). In the profile-1, athletes (34 males and 11 females) were characterized by high athletic identity, self-esteem, task orientation, and the JST motivation; they also had moderately high ego orientation. These athletes perceived to be 72 % adjusted at the first measurement, had a positive progression through the transition process, and at the fifth measurement perceived to be 83 % adjusted at the senior level. In the profile-2, athletes (30 males and 7 females) perceived themselves to have high self-esteem and the JST motivation, relatively high athletic identity and task orientation complemented by moderate ego orientation. They perceived themselves to be 66 % adjusted at the first measurement, had a positive progression through the transition process, and at the fifth measurement perceived themselves to be 73% adjusted. In the profile-3 athletes (9 males and 9 females) reported high self-esteem, relatively high task orientation, as well as moderate athletic identity, ego orientation and the JST motivation. These athletes perceived to be 62 % adjusted at the first measurement, had almost no progression through the transition process, and at the fifth measurement perceived themselves to be 64 % adjusted. These findings supported our hypothesis that athletes with different profiles of personal characteristics follow different pathways through the JST process. The JST pathways are going to be explored more in detail with the aim to understand transition variables contributing to the dynamics of perceived adjustment. Further this knowledge can be used in assisting athletes in the JST.

In this study the specific foci were as follows: (1) to identify profiles of athletes in the junior-to-senior transition (JST) based on their personal characteristics (athletic identity, self-esteem and goal orientation) and (2) to describe the JST pathways relevant to the profiles. This quantitative longitudinal study included five measurements that were conducted approximately every six months. The following package of four instruments was used: the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993), the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (Duda, 1989), the self-esteem sub-scale from the Physical Self-Perception Profile – Revised (Lindwall, Hagger, & Asci, 2007) and the Transition Monitoring Survey (Stambulova, Franck, & Weibull, 2012). In the first measurement 100 club-based Swedish athletes (73 male and 27 female) with the mean age of 16.51 (SD = 1.32) participated. The Latent Profile Analysis identified three profiles of athletes and several similarities and differences can be seen in the profiles of athletes’ transition pathways. The main findings are: (1) three profiles of personal characteristics associated with different JST transition pathways were identified; (2) athletic identity appeared to be key personal characteristic that influenced the dynamic of adjustment and (3) different styles of coping strategies were associated with different JST pathways. The JST pathways relevant to the profiles are discussed based on the theoretical framework and previous research.

This qualitative study explored sport psychologists’ transition into professional establishment through the stories of two highly experienced Nordic sport psychology practitioners. At the time of the study, the two males (named Charlie and Billie for the study) had worked applied with clients for more than 20 years and were each holding a master’s degree in sport psychology. Narrative interviews were administered to investigate the participants’ stories of the transition from novice professional to experienced professional practitioner, with each interview lasting about one and a half hour. Additionally, participants were enquired on one follow up interview each to allow for further elaboration. The researcher then took the position of the story analyst (Smith, 2017) and conducted a thematic narrative analysis based on the gathered data. A narrative theme of “paving the way” emerged, relating to how the participants had to create their own work within a field that was not yet nationally developed or recognized and, as a consequence of this, had to pave the way for sport and exercise psychology as a professional and an academic field in their respective country. The findings are discussed based on common and individual reflections between the participants in relation to the overall narrative theme, their transition in general, previous literature, and theoretical frameworks. The practical implications provided by this study may assist novice and semi-experienced practitioners striving to get established, as well as supervisors and educational institutions to better support and prepare students for their upcoming careers as applied sport psychologists.

Huvudsyftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka skillnader mellan crossfitutövare och traditionellt gymaktiva i muskelsträvan, träningsrelaterat instagram-användande, tvångsmässig passion och träningsmängd samt undersöka samband avseende dessa variabler. Vidare undersökte studien om exponering för tränings- och utseenderelaterade bilder, tvångsmässig passion samt ökat träningsbeteende efter exponering för bilder på instagram kan predicera muskelsträvan. Genom en kvantitativ forskningsansats fick deltagarna besvara en enkät innefattande mätinstrumenten: Godin Leisure- Time Exercise Questionnaire, The Passion Scale, Drive for muscularity scale. Utifrån ett bekvämlighetsurval rekryterades 156 deltagare (66 män och 89 kvinnor, en person uppgav inte kön) i åldern 16-65 år (M=28). Studien visar att crossfitutövare har mer muskelsträvan, träningsrelaterat instagram-användande, tvångsmässig passion samt träningsmängd jämfört med traditionellt gymaktiva. Muskelsträvan visade positiva samband med träningsrelaterat instagram-användande, tvångsmässig passion samt träningsmängd. Vidare visade studien att exponering för tränings- och utseenderelaterade bilder på Instagram, tvångsmässig passion samt ökat träningsbeteende efter exponering för bilder på Instagram kan predicera muskelsträvan. För framtida forskning föreslås att undersöka om andra grupper med stort träningsrelaterat instagram-användande också har mer muskelsträvan samt tvångsmässig passion.

The purpose of the present study was to examine what Swedish soccer referees perceive as stressful and how the referees cope with the perceived stressors. Further purposes were to examine how the perceived stress affect the health of the referees and what affect it has on the behavior of the referees. In the study 10 Swedish elite soccer referees, both males and females, with refereeing assignments in the Allsvenskan or Superettan in the 2011 season participated. A semi structured interview guide was used during either telephone- or personal interviews. The interviews were analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. The results are primarily in line with previous research of this field. Further, the results show that the participating referees does not experience a great deal of negative influence on their health stemming from stress. The results of the study are further discussed in regards to previous research in the field as well as in conjunction with the methodological questions that arose during the study. Suggestions for future research and practical applications of the results are also given.

This article focuses on one of the interactive processes that parents use to cope with their child's asthma. The concept allowing for the opposite was developed in the course of a clinical project designed to improve consultation methods in pediatric allergy care. We examined material from 67 conversations carried out with 22 heterosexual couples held with two family therapists: one male pediatrician and one female social worker. We found that parents made use of each other's differences in personality and parenting style, allowing each other to take opposing positions on how to cope with their child's asthma. Disagreement should be added to the list of coping mechanisms used by parents in their cooperative efforts to handle their child's asthma.

Today, the majority of all academy football players in Sweden become rejected to receive a senior contract and are thus forced to find a new team. Such a message is tough to receive but does not have to mean that the elite is not reachable through alternative paths outside of the elite. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine football players from academy teams’ experienced paths toward the elite, after having been rejected to receive a senior contract when doing the junior-to-senior career transition. Present study reviewed the experiences from seven male football players who are currently playing in Superettan or Allsvenskan. Through the process containing of interviews and reflexive thematic analysis, two thematic maps were created. The first map answers the first question ”What experiences and coping strategies does the elite investing junior players have to be deselected during the JST and to continue their carrers outside of elite football? Two main themes called ”Bortselekteringens eftermäle” that has three sub themes, and ”Den fortsatta fotbollskarriären utanför eliten” with six subthemes. The second thematic map answers the second question ” What experiences and coping strategies does seniorfootballers have to take the step to the elite after a career in amateur football?” Three main themes are presented as ”De två olika dörrarna till eliten” with two substhemes, ”Elitfotbollens natur” with sic subthemes, and ”Att kliva ur fotbollsbubblan och fotbollsidentiteten för en hållbar karriär” with two subthemes. These overall themes are presented in chronological order and cover experiences as, for example, challenges, resources, and strategies. Lastly, further investigations in the area in terms of studying athletes experiences of being rejected to receive a 6senior contract, is claimed to of value. 

The purpose with this study was to examine male elite ice hockey players experiences of the way back to ice hockey after a concussion. This study used a qualitative method which 8 participants in terms of male elite ice hockey players participated in. The participants in this study were between the ages of 22-25 years (M=23,75, SD=1,28) and exercised ice hockey on an elite level. This study's interview guide was a semistructured interview and was based on the models: Dynamic biopsychosocial cycles of post-sport injury response and recovery (Wiese-Bjornstal, 2010) & Precursors facilitating psychological readiness to return to sport after injury (Podlog m.fl., 2015). Eight interviews were implemented and later on analyzed with the help of a thematic analysis. The result of this study shows that male elite ice hockey players are faced with challenges through the return to ice hockey after a concussion, and the challenges are interpreted and valued. The participants interpretations create affective reactions which alongside the rehabilitation of the injury tries to cope with because in the end they try to create a psychological readiness to return to ice hockey. Furthermore, shows the result the clearest challenges were psychosocial, psychological and physical challenges related to insufficient support, internal and external pressure, feelings, setback in rehabilitation and impaired physique. The coping of the challenges was about the internal and external resources mostly related to support from the psychosocial surrounding but also the inner ability to be able to make their own decisions. The result also shows that the participants were affected strongly by the surroundings in their confidence to return to ice hockey, where physical and psychological factors took part. During the return to ice hockey part, the majority chose to put low expectations on several sport capabilities and was motivated through an inner motivation, for example a joy for the sport, to regain previous performance standards in ice hockey.

Objectives: Dual career development environments (DCDEs) exist to support student-athletes in their endeavours to combine sport with education or work. Such environments are likely to vary in their structure, processes, philosophy, and degree of efficiency. With the overall aim of applying the holistic ecological approach (Henriksen, Stambulova & Roessler, 2010) to the study of DCDEs, the objectives of the present study are: (a) to provide a holistic description of a Danish athlete-friendly university as a DCDE, and (b) to investigate the factors influencing the environment’s effectiveness. Methodology: Based on two working models, the study takes a case study approach and a real-time perspective and uses multiple sources of data (interviews, observations, and documents). Results: Two empirical models summarize the findings and portray the DCDE as: (1) centred on a dual career (DC) support team that serves to support communication and coordination between the sport, study, and private domains; (2) focused on providing individual solutions for each athlete; (3) teaching student-athletes to plan, prioritize, communicate, and take responsibility for the balance in their DC endeavour; and (4) deeply rooted in a shared DC philosophy that puts sport first and recognizes that the student-athletes must be seen as whole persons. Conclusion: Researcher-practitioners in the DC context are encouraged to focus not only on the challenges and coping strategies of the individual student-athletes but to understand and (if necessary) optimize the entire environment around them. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In the present paper, we introduce an ecological view of career transitions. We consider an athlete’s development as a journey through various athletic and non-athletic environments that support their striving for career excellence. On this journey, an athlete experiences a multitude of environments and transitions from one environment (e.g., one club, one country or one sport) to another. To develop this understanding, we introduce the concept of a transition environment defined as a dynamic and temporary system that bridges the setting that an athlete is transitioning from and to. We also suggest two working models that in unison can work as a roadmap for transition environment research and practice. The transition environment (TE) model helps to describe the TE and the transition environment success factor (TE-SF) model helps to understand why certain TEs are more successful than others supporting athletes in transition. The models can be used by researchers studying specific transition environments to understand how such environments facilitate or hinder transitions, and by practitioners (coaches, managers, sport psychologists) to support athletes’ transitions by improving their TEs. We hope the idea of an ecology of athlete transitions will find its way into empirical studies of different types of transitions (e.g., to another sport, to another level in sport, to another club or to another country) in multiple cultural contexts and contribute to the development of career-long psychological support services. © 2023 International Society of Sport Psychology.

Syftet med den aktuella studien var att på svenska elitfotbollsgymnasier (1) undersöka samband mellan psykosociala variablerna motivation (i.e., inre och yttre former), självbestämmande och passion (i.e., harmonisk och tvångsmässig) samt (2) undersöka samband mellan passion och frekvensen träningstimmar. I studien ingick 220 ungdomsspelare från fem svenska elitfotbollsgymnasier (pojkar n =169, flickor n =51). I studien användes Passion Scale för att mäta spelarnas passion för fotboll, Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) för att se vilka motiv deltagande är byggt på samt Self-Determination Scale (SDS) för att mäta upplevt självbestämmande. Resultatet visade att inre motivation och självbestämmande förklarar 39 % av den totala variansen av harmonisk passion för fotboll samt att inre motivation har en partiell positivt medierande effekt mellan självbestämmande och harmonisk passion. Introjektionerad reglering förklarar (som ensam faktor) 28 % av den totala variansen av tvångsmässig passion för fotboll. Vidare påvisades ett negativt samband mellan harmonisk passion och frekvens träningstimmar. Resultatet har analyserats och diskuterats i relation till tidigare forskning.

The present study evaluated the dimensionality, measurement invariance, and nomological network of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS) in a sample of Swedish workers. Using confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, and bifactor modeling, 30 different measurement models were evaluated cross-sectionally (n = 2123) and longitudinally (n = 1506). Measurement invariance was tested across gender and time. The nomological network of the NSFS was examined through its relations with life satisfaction and cognitive weariness. The findings supported a first-order six-factor ESEM model and measurement invariance of the Swedish version of the NSFS. Need satisfaction was positively related to life satisfaction and unrelated to cognitive weariness. Need frustration was negatively related to life satisfaction and positively related to cognitive weariness. The present study supported a six-factor structure of the Swedish NSFS, which appears suitable for assessing changes over time and gender differences in ratings. © 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

The purpose of this study was to examine if individual goal setting are being used byprofessional soccer players, what kind of goal setting is preferred and which of those areperceived as most effective. How the use of goal settings are related to professional soccerplayers and elite junior players perceived competence and motivation is also being examined.Also difference between regular, non-regular, juniors and senior players was studied. Finally,the interaction between the use of goal settings, motivation and perceived competence wereexamined. 101 soccer players participated in the study. A quantitative method with thequestionnaires GSSQ, TEOSQ and Harter’s competence questionnaire was used. The resultsshowed that performance goals were the most preferred and that task orientation was morecommon than ego. Perceived effectiveness of goal setting and the player’s motivation waslowest among non-regular juniors. Interaction results also showed that non-regular juniorsshowed low perceived competence. The results are discussed in relation to the essay’stheoretical framework.

Keywords: Goal settings, motivation, perceived competence, professional/elite soccer players.

The purpose of this study was to examine if there is any possible differences in motivation and self-confidence among young soccer national team players and non-national soccer team players between 14-19 years old. The study also examined if there were any gender differences in the same areas. 471 young soccer players participated in this study, 282 of the players were national team players and 189 were not playing in any of the soccer national teams. 270 of the participants were boys and 201 were girls. A quantitative method with the questionnaires Grit Scale, Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), The self-determination scale and Sport Confidence Inventory was used. The results showed that the non-national players perceive themselves to have a higher level of motivation than the national team players in this study. The results also showed that the national team players perceived themselves to have a higher level of self-efficacy than the non-national team players in this study. There is also a significant gender difference within self-efficacy and motivation. The results are discussed in relation to the essay’s theoretical framework.

This research addresses recent calls for an alternative integrative framework to apprehend leaders' behaviors and examines the validity ofaquestionnaire anchored in this theoretical approach. Building upon Self-Determination Theory, we examined a tripartite approach of supervisors' behaviors (supportive, thwarting, and indifferent toward subordinates' psychological needs). The psychometric properties of this Tripartite Measure of Interpersonal Behaviors-Supervisor (TMIB-S) were tested through three studies. Results from bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling supported a solution including one global factor and three specific factors reflecting need supportive, thwarting, and indifferent behaviors. This solution was fully invariant across distinct samples of French- and English-speaking employees. Results also supported the criterion-related and discriminant validity of the TMIB-S. More specifically, results supported the added-value of the TMIB-S, when compared to well-established measures of leadership (passive leadership, abusive supervision, LMX, and tranformational leadership) in predicting well- and ill-being. Results also highlighted well-differentiated effects of the different components of supervisory behaviors and showed that supervisors' need indifferent behaviors constitute a key piece in the prediction of employees' health-related consequences. © 2022 The Authors. Applied Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association of Applied Psychology.

Syftet med studien var att på lagidrottare (1) undersöka samband mellan motivation och socialt stöd utifrån familj, tränare och kompisar, (2) undersöka skillnader i upplevt stöd från familj, tränare och kompisar samt (3) undersöka skillnader mellan kvinnor och män inom variablerna motivation och socialt stöd. I studien deltog 101 lagidrottare (män n =49, kvinnor n =52) från totalt fem olika idrotter, synkroniserad konståkning, fotboll, handboll, innebandy samt ishockey, i åldrarna 16-40 (M = 22,39; SD =3,66). Data samlades in via kvantitativ ansats, mätinstrument som användes var Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support samt The Behavioural Regulation In exercise Questionnaire-2. Resultatet visade positiva samband mellan motivation och socialt stöd, där framförallt stöd från kompisar var positivt relaterat med inre motivation. En kombination av stöd utifrån familj, kompisar och tränare uppvisade  ett positivt samband med inre motivation. Yttre kontroll påvisade ett positivt samband med tränare samt i ett negativt samband med kompisar. Vidare framkom att män uppvisade en högre nivå av inre motivation samt en lägre nivå av yttre- och introjicerad kontroll än kvinnor. Slutligen påvisade resultatet ingen skillnad mellan kvinnor och män i upplevt socialt stöd. Resultatet har analyserats och diskuterats i relation till tidigare forskning. 

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between motivational profile, self-efficacy, basic needs satisfaction, exercise behavior and well-being among Swedish university students. A set of the instruments including GLTEQ, SHIS, BPNES, BREQ-2 and BARSE was distributed at a university in southern Sweden. The respondents (n = 260) were men (n = 122) and women (n = 138). For analysis and processing of the gathered data SPSS was used with Pearson's r and Multiple Regression Analysis. The results showed that competence, autonomy and relatedness were positive predictors of self-determined motivation, whilst identified regulation, intrinsic regulation and barrier self-efficacy were positive predictors for strenuous exercise. Moreover a regression analysis showed that only competence was a significant predictor for well-being, however, positive correlations were shown between all the basic needs and well-being. To promote university students exercise and well-being, the conclusion is that it most probably would be successful to base interventions with focus on basic needs satisfaction.

Background: Regular sport participation is essential for youths physical, mental, and social health. Research shows, however, that sports participation peaks at around 10-14 years of age before declining through adolescence. Soccer, which is the most popular youth sport in Sweden, is no exception to dropout problems during adolescence. 

Purpose of the study: The purpose was to examine longitudinal changes in youth soccer players motivational regulations during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic in Sweden, and how longitudinal changes in motivational regulations predicts dropout from youth soccer.

Methods: Self-reported data was collected from 325 youth soccer players between 11 and 17 years of age (M = 13.08) at the beginning of the season in 2019 (TI) and 2020 (T2) and dropout data was reported by the coaches at the end of the season in 2021 (T3). Latent change score analyses, using Bayesian estimator, was used to examine change in the players motivational regulations.  

Findings: There was a credible increase in amotivation (β = 0.14) and a credible decrease in identified regulation (β = -0.41) between T1 and T2. Changes in amotivation (β = 0.16), external regulation (β = 0.14), and intrinsic regulation (β = -0.15) between T1 and T2 were credible predictors of dropout from soccer at T3. 

Conclusion: To reduce the risk of dropout from youth soccer, during an ongoing pandemic, it is important to mitigate increases in amotivation and external regulation and to facilitate intrinsic motivation.

Background: Regular sport participation is essential for youths physical, mental, and social health. Research shows, however, that sports participation peaks at around 10-14 years of age before declining through adolescence. Soccer, which is the most popular youth sport in Sweden, is no exception to dropout problems during adolescence.

Objectives: The purpose was to examine longitudinal changes in youth soccer players motivational regulations during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic in Sweden, and how longitudinal changes in motivational regulations predicts dropout from youth soccer.

Design: Three-wave survey. Methods: Self-reported data was collected from 325 youth soccer players between 11 and 17 years of age (M = 13.08) at the beginning of the season in 2019 (T1) and 2020 (T2) and dropout data was reported by the coaches at the end of the season in 2021 (T3). Latent change score analyses, using Bayesian estimator, was used to examine change in the players motivational regulations.

Results: There was a credible increase in amotivation (β = 0.14) and a credible decrease in identified regulation (β = -0.41) between T1 and T2. Changes in amotivation (β = 0.15) between T1 and T2 were the only credible predictor of dropout from soccer at T3.

Conclusions: To reduce the risk of dropout from youth soccer, during an ongoing pandemic, it is important to mitigate increases in amotivation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent university students are regularly physically active, what motives and barriers they perceive towards exercise and the relationship between motivational profile, self-efficacy and exercise behaviors. A questionnaire including the instruments Physical Activity Stages of Change, BARSE, BREQ-2 and Exercise Adherence Questionnaire was distributed at a university in southern Sweden. The respondents (n = 251) were Men (n = 104) and Women (n = 147). For analysis and processing of the gathered data SPSS was used with One-Way ANOVA, Pearson's r and Regression Analysis. The study showed that 70 percent of the students were regularly physically active. The most common motives for exercise were to improve health and increase physical strength whilst the most frequent barriers were lack of motivation and lack of energy/fatigue. The results also revealed positive correlations between identified regulation, intrinsic regulation, barrier self-efficacy and physical activity.

The purpose of this study was to find possible connections between psychosocial work environment factors and if the factors co-occur with organizational commitment and if communication have a special significance in this correlation. Other studies have shown a positive correlation between psychosocial work environment factors and organizational commitment. The earlier studies have also shown that communication is a significant psychosocial work environment factor.  The study is conducted in secondary school in the south of Sweden. Data were collected through interviews and questionnaires. A total of two interviews were conducted, and a survey with 47 participants. The results showed no correlation between organizational commitment and communication, social support, decision latitude and possibilities of growth. The discussion showed that communication was a significant factor as it correlated with the factors social support, decision latitude and possibilities of growth.

Aim: A large body of evidence indicates that cardiovascular risk factors are related to neurodegenerative processes leading to cognitive decline and eventually dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate birth cohort differences in the effects of cardiovascular risk on cognitive performance and rate of cognitive change.

Method: We used data from three cohorts born in 1901-02, 1906-07, and 1930 measured at ages 70, 75, and 79 years on two fluid cognitive measures (i.e. spatial ability and logical reasoning). We used the Framingham Risk Score based on simple office-based non-laboratory predictors (age, systolic blood pressure, BMI, smoking and diabetes status) to calculate cardiovascular risk.

Findings: Estimates from multiple-group latent growth curve models (LGCM) revealed higher levels of cognitive performance but faster rate of decline in later born cohorts compared with earlier born cohorts. But most importantly, the results indicated no association between the Framingham risk score and cognitive performance or change.

Conclusion: Our findings suggests either no association between cardiovascular risk and cognition in old age, or  that the Framingham Risk Score, based on simple office-based non-laboratory predictors, may not be suitable for predicting cognitive functioning in old age.

The aim of this study was to investigate secular trends regarding proportions of individuals showing cognitive decline, stability, or gain between ages 70 and 79 years. For this purpose we analyzed data from three Swedish birth cohorts, born 1901-02, 1906-07, and 1930, and four cognitive measures (i.e. verbal meaning, figure identification, logical reasoning, and spatial ability). Using the standard error of measurement (SE_m) at baseline (i.e. 70 years of age), participants were categorized as showing cognitive decline (if decreasing by more the 1 SE_m between ages 70 and 79), gain (if increasing by more than 1 SE_m) or otherwise evincing stability. χ²-tests indicated statistically significant differences between the cohorts for all four cognitive measures. For all cognitive measures earlier born cohorts consisted of a smaller proportion of individuals showing cognitive decline, and a larger proportion showing cognitive gain compared to later born cohorts. Possible explanations for these results are discussed in terms of cohort differences in selective survival and/or cognitive reserve.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the interrelationship between motivational climate, goal orientations, and self-esteem in CrossFit compared to aerobic based training. Furthermore the study investigated if the model of interrelationships between motivational climate, goal orientation and, self-esteem could be applied within CrossFit. There were 95 participants in the study, both CrossFit athletes (N=45) and participants i aerobic based training from the south west of Sweden. Percieved Motivational Climate in Sports Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2), Achievement Goals Questionnaire for Sports (AGQ-S) and Physical Self Perception Profile-R (PSPP-R) were used in the study. The results showed a statistically significant difference in percieved mastery-oriented motivational climate and self-esteem among CrossFit athletes and participants in aerobic based training. Furthermore there was a correlation between motivational climate, goal orientations, and self-esteem in CrossFit which partially supports the model.  Based on this result future research should examine motivational climate, goal orientations, self-esteem and motivation in CrossFit compared to aerobic based training in a population of physically inactive novices.

Two studies were conducted to assess the Swedish version of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), which was originally created by Baer et al. (2006). The aim of Study 1 was to examine the psychometric properties of the FFMQ using data from 495 individuals. Quantitative and qualitative analyses resulted in a reduction of the scale by 10 items. Psychometric properties, including internal consistency of the revised instrument, were examined. The Swedish FFMQ provides results comparable to those obtained by Baer. Cronbach’s alphas were high for all the facets. The Swedish FFMQ appears to be a potentially useful tool in measuring mindfulness among Swedish participants. The aim of Study 2 was to test the suggested hierarchical five-factor solution and construct validity, using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Similar to findings for the English version of the FFMQ, the CFA showed that the Observing facet was not a significant part of an overall self-reported mindfulness structure in a Swedish population with little meditation experience. © 2011 Copyright Swedish Association for Behaviour Therapy.

One of the most comprehensive measures of mindfulness is the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) with five factors-Observing, Describing, Acting with awareness, Non-judging, and Non-reactivity. Hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses, however, have suggested that only four of the FFMQ factors (i.e. all except Observing) were components of "an overall mindfulness construct"-which is puzzling because Observing represents a core aspect of all definitions of mindfulness. The purpose of the present study was to approach this problem by a person-oriented approach, focusing on patterns on the FFMQ scales, rather than linear associations between them. Data on the FFMQ were collected on 817 individuals. Cluster analysis according to the LICUR procedure was used to group these participants in 13 clusters, according to their profiles of scores on the five FFMQ scales. Of the participants, 325 were categorized as meditators and 317 as non-meditators. To test hypotheses about the relation between Observing and mindfulness (which we assumed should be higher among meditators), the meditators/non-meditators categorization was cross-tabulated with the FFMQ clusters. The results showed that all clusters in which meditators were over-represented had high scores on Observing, and all clusters in which meditators were under-represented had low scores on Observing-which supports the hypothesis that mindfulness is related to high levels of Observing. The relationship between Observing and Non-judging, however, was found to be more complex than expected. The results are discussed in terms of mindfulness seen as a multidimensional skill, which may develop differently in various subgroups of individuals.

Identifying different types of motivation that regulate behavior in an exercise context has been of high interest in exercise psychology science. One of the most widely used instruments for this purpose is the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2; Markland & Tobin, 2004), which recently has been revised (BREQ-3, Cid et al., 2018) to include also integrated regulation. In previous work, questions have been raised about the nature of introjected regulation, suggesting it can be divided into two different types of regulations, mirroring avoidance and approach.  Therefore, BREQ-3 has been further revised to include items that measure: two facets of introjected regulation (approach and avoidance), resulting in a 28-item instrument (named BREQ-4) measuring seven types of exercise regulation.

The purpose of this paper is to examine: (i) the factorial structure of the new and revised instrument BREQ-4; and (ii) associations between the two newly developed facets of introjected regulation (approach and avoidance), exercise behavior and the other types of regulation in the context of exercise.

Two subsamples, one from the UK consisting of 412 younger (mean age: 21.6 years) adults recruited from various Facebook groups, and one from Sweden, consisting of 369 middle aged (mean age: 40.7) working individuals, also recruited via Facebook, were used. In both samples, data was collected online through Qualtrics. Structural equation modeling was used to examine factorial validity and associations between latent constructs of exercise regulation in BREQ-4 and self-reported exercise behavior.

Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 28-item 7-factor model displayed acceptable fit to data in both samples. Configural and metric invariance, but not scalar invariance, between the two samples was established. Avoidance regulation was unrelated to exercise behavior in both samples, whereas approach regulation was weakly and positively associated with exercise in the UK sample. Avoidance and approach was moderately to strongly associated in both samples. In terms of patterns of associations with the other types of regulations, results were similar in both samples: avoidance was more strongly associated with extrinsic regulation whereas approach was more robustly associated with self-determined types of motivation (identified, integrated and intrinsic motivation).