Inledning. Dålig kosthållning kan medföra negativa konsekvenser för individens hälsa senare i livet. En individ som har kunskaper om kost är också bättre utrustad att fatta goda beslut. Vi har därför valt att undersöka vilka aspekter inom livsstilssjukdomar, som typ 2-diabetes och hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar, som beskrivs samt vilka kostråd som presenteras i ett antal läromedel inom ämnet Naturkunskap på gymnasiet.

Metod. Vi har gjort en innehållsanalys av fyra olika läromedel. Analysen resulterade i ett antal teman som belyser olika aspekter av livsstilssjukdomar och kostråd. De teman vi hittade var “forskningsläget och orsaker till sjukdom”, “förebyggande åtgärder”, “konsekvenser” och “allmänna kostråd”.

Tidigare forskning. Forskningen vi har tagit del av visar att en diet som är rik på livsmedel från växtriket och som samtidigt begränsar intaget av fett är bra för dels de som ligger i riskzonen att drabbas av hjärt- kärlsjukdom eller typ 2-diabetes, dels personer med diagnostiserad sjukdom. Växtbaserad kost hanterar dessutom samtliga kostrelaterade riskfaktorer för båda livsstilssjukdomarna, vilket är önskvärt med tanke på att prevention utifrån enstaka riskfaktorer inte har samma effekt som ett helhetsgrepp. Även behovet av förebyggande arbete bland barn och skolungdomar poängteras, då utvecklingen av sjukdomarna startar tidigt i livet.

Resultat. Vår studie visar att läromedelsförfattare väljer att fokusera på olika aspekter av livsstilssjukdomarna med skillnader avseende orsak, möjlighet till förebyggande och konsekvenser. Kostråden varierar också, där fokus läggs på alltifrån sunt förnuft och tallriksmodellen till Nordiska Näringsrekommendationer. Gemensamt för majoriteten av de analyserade läromedlen är dock att de i någon bemärkelse rekommenderar enskilda näringsämnen såsom essentiella aminosyror, kostfibrer, kolhydrater, omättade fettsyror och protein samt livsmedel i form av fisk, frukt, fullkornsprodukter, grönsaker och olja. Vad som bör undvikas är för mycket fett, socker, salt, mättat fett, tillsatser, sötningsmedel samt tomma kalorier som läsk och godis. Likheter med WHO:s kostråd syns. När andelen fett av kaloriintaget nämns, anges 25-40 E%.

Slutsats och Diskussion. Referenshanteringen i läromedlen uteblir, varför flera av författarnas påståenden blir svåra att bemöta. Nyttan av en vegetarisk diet behandlas heller inte. Istället framställs vegetariska kostmönster som något svårt eller riskabelt − ofta med utgångspunkt i felaktiga beskrivningar om aminosyrainnehåll eller andra enskilda näringsämnen. En fettsnål kost rekommenderas heller inte och skillnaden mellan intaget på 25-40 E% i läromedel utgör en kontrast till de ca 10 E% som avhandlas i tidigare forskning.

Didaktiska implikationer. I rollen som lärare blir det viktigt att komplettera den bild som läromedlen förmedlar. Resultatet visar på en fragmenterad bild av kost i relation till hälsa och lärarens ansvar blir att brygga klyftan mellan läromedel och forskning.

Recently, there have been growing concerns about pharmaceuticals including antibiotics as environmental contaminants. Antibiotics of concentrations commonly encountered in wastewater have been suggested to affect bacterial population dynamics and to promote dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Conventional wastewater treatment processes do not always adequately remove pharmaceuticals causing environmental dissemination of low levels of these compounds. Using constructed wetlands as an additional treatment step after sewage treatment plants have been proposed as a cheap alternative to increase reduction of wastewater contaminants, however this means that the natural microbial community of the wetlands becomes exposed to elevated levels of antibiotics. In this study, experimental surface-flow wetlands in Sweden were continuously exposed to antibiotics of concentrations commonly encountered in wastewater. The aim was to assess the antibiotic removal efficiency of constructed wetlands and to evaluate the impact of low levels of antibiotics on bacterial diversity, resistance development and expression in the wetland bacterial community. Antibiotic concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the effect on the bacterial diversity was assessed with 16S rRNA-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Real-time PCR was used to detect and quantify antibiotic resistance genes and integrons in the wetlands, during and after the exposure period. The results indicated that the antibiotic removal efficiency of constructed wetlands was comparable to conventional wastewater treatment schemes. Furthermore, short-term treatment of the constructed wetlands with environmentally relevant concentrations (i.e. 100-2000 ng x 1(-1)) of antibiotics did not significantly affect resistance gene concentrations, suggesting that surface-flow constructed wetlands are well-suited for wastewater treatment purposes. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparisons between different measuring strategies were made on three types of smooth tool steel surfaces. Three replica materials were tested to study possibilities within replication techniques. An optical interferometer as well as a mechanical stylus was used to evaluate the surfaces. The results showed that the tested replica materials generated good representations of both the form and the surface roughness (Sq > 300 nm). The evaluated surfaces were quite homogeneous, thus, few measurements are needed to get representative results. However, it was found that caution must be taken regarding manually polished surfaces which can be less homogenous and therefore require more measurements to get representative results.

Background: Resistance training has proven to increase athletic performance, traditionally barbell training and Olympic Lifting have been used for this purpose. Sling training has recently been developed as a complement or substitution to traditional resistance training. Research has shown an increase in sport specific athletic performance and core stability with sling training. TRX Suspension Trainer is a newly developed sling training tool and to date no independent research has been done with the TRX. Purpose: To examine and compare muscle activation using TRX and the Olympic Lifting movement Hang Clean. Methods: 32 senior high school male soccer players participated in the study. Surface electromyographic (sEMG) data were collected on mm.erector spinae (back), m.gluteus maximus (glutes), m.vastus lateralis (quadriceps), m.semitendinosus (hamstrings) and m.gastrocnemius caput laterale (calf). Surface EMG data was collected when the subjects performed five different exercises, Hang Clean, TRX Squat Jump, TRX Front Squat and TRX Power Pull. In addition a Squat Jump was used as reference. Results: A similar muscle activation was found between Hang Clean (674 µV), TRX Squat Jump (684 µV) and TRX Front Squat (691 µV). TRX Power Pull showed the highest activation for mm.erector spinae and m.gluteus maximus but the lowest when comparing total muscle activation for all measured muscles. Conclusion: The similar amount of muscular activation for Hang Clean, TRX Squat Jump and TRX Front Squat indicates that the TRX Suspension Trainer can be used as a complement, for experienced athletes, or a substitution, for novice athletes, to traditional strength training. Coaches and athletic trainers should acknowledge the need and the importance of resistance training for athletic performance.

The effect of total dietary fat on the blood lipid profile: a review

Fat consumption has increased in Sweden in the 21th century, probably due to the advancement of the diet low car high fat (LCHF). Also, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of premature death in Sweden. Various blood lipids are used to evaluate the cardiovascular disease risk; total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides among others. High levels of total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides and low levels of HDL are believed to increase the risk. The purpose of this review was to examine the effects of high-fat-diet on blood lipids, cholesterol, LDL, HDL the ratio between LDL/HDL and triglycerides through a systematic review. A supplementary purpose was to analyze the consequences on the cardiovascular health. Articles were systematically searched for and resulted in 23 articles which studied a fat-intake over 50 E%. Eight of these articles were included in the result since the 50 E% fat-intake was followed throughout the study. Four of the eight articles calculated statistical significance between baseline and end values. These studies found a statistical significance reduction in triglycerides and tendencies to a statistical significance increase in HDL after six months on a high fat diet. According to end values, six out of seven studies showed levels of total cholesterol above the risk level for cardiovascular disease and seven out of eight studies resulted in LDL-levels above cardiovascular risk. The articles which reported statistical significance were alike according to time of intervention, mean BMI and fat intake and therefore they should not have affected the results. The results from end values in the eight studies suggest that total cholesterol and LDL increase the cardiovascular risk but HDL, ratio LDL/HDL and triglycerides decrease the cardiovascular risk. The studies who reported statistical significance between baseline and end values did not present any risk for cardiovascular disease after six month on a high fat diet.

Introduction: Testosterone is an anabolic steroid that plays key roles in growing muscles, enhancing physical performance and appearance, maintaining bone density, sex drive and sperm production. It is highly sought-after by athletes for its ability to accelerate muscle growth. Acute testosterone increase can be reached pharmacologically using testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) which is proven to have many harmful side effects including testicular shrinkage, prostate enlargement, and can lead to death. Physiological ways to increase testosterone such as resistance exercise have been shown to be an efficient way of significantly increasing testosterone without any harmful side effects. 

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to show the impact of free weights and resistance training on acute testosterone levels and to assess the effects of physical activity on testosterone. 

Methods: PubMed was researched with the intent to include all articles which are written in English in all formats, peer reviewed, that study the effects of free weights and machines on testosterone in male adults.

Results: This study yielded 11 eligible studies. A total of two studies compared free weights in relation to testosterone. Three studies used resistance training intervention in the study program. Six articles used free weights resistance training intervention in the study program. The Effective Public Health Practice Project's (EPHPP) quality assessment tool for quantitative studies results rated two studies as strong, seven moderate and one as weak.

Conclusion: A more important increase in acute testosterone response was observed in individuals using free weights training compared to those using machine training. This is linked to the use of more muscles namely stabilizer muscles in free weight exercises. In addition to the type of resistance training, some important parameters should be taken into consideration. These include age, training volume threshold, training intensity, quality and quantity of sleep, short rest intervals and low adipose tissue percentage. Multiple gaps in knowledge were signaled in this review aiming to encourage further research regarding physical activity and testosterone.

Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka hur pedagoger och barns kommunikation utspelar sig i skogen utefter barnens självständiga utforskande. Forskningsfrågorna vi utgår ifrån är ”på vilka sätt samtalar barnen med pedagogerna i skogsmiljön? samt ”hur stöttar pedagogerna barnens utforskande av naturen?” Denna kvalitativa studie grundar sig i ett sociokulturellt perspektiv där våra analysbegrepp är språkhandling och stöttning som har använts för att förstå vårt resultat. Datainsamlingen har skett genom videoobservationer samt fältanteckningar på två avdelningar ifrån två olika kommuner i södra Sverige. Våra analyser utgår ifrån en interaktionsanalys, vilket har gett oss möjligheter att förstå kommunikationen mellan pedagogerna och barnen. Resultatet i föreliggande studie visar att barn samtalar med pedagoger för att påkalla uppmärksamhet för ett naturmaterial/fenomen, dela med sig av upptäckter samt för att få utforska självständigt. Det kommer fram att pedagoger stöttar barnens utforskande av naturen genom att ställa öppna frågor, sätta sig på knä och anpassa sig efter var barnen befinner sig. Resultatet visar även att pedagoger har en tendens att mestadels stötta enskilda barn i vissa situationer, de som verbalt uttrycker sig. Konsekvenser av detta är att de barn som verbalt uttrycker sig mest är de barnet som blir mest uppmärksammat. På så sätt blir övriga barns utforskande av naturen begränsat.

Recent 'democratic revolutions' in Islamic countries call for a re-consideration of transitions to and from democracy. Transitions to democracy have often been considered the outcome of socio-economic modernization and therefore slow and incremental processes. But as a recent study has made clear, in the last century, transitions to democracy have mainly occurred through rapid leaps rather than slow and incremental steps. Here, we therefore apply an innovation and systems perspective and consider transitions to democracy as processes of institutional, and therefore systemic, innovation adoption. We show that transitions to democracy starting before 1900 lasted for an average of 50. years and a median of 56. years, while transitions originating later took an average of 4.6. years and a median of 1.7. years. However, our results indicate that the survival time of democratic regimes is longer in cases where the transition periods have also been longer, suggesting that patience paid in previous democratizations. We identify a critical 'consolidation-preparing' transition period of 12. years. Our results also show that in cases where the transitions have not been made directly from autocracy to democracy, there are no main institutional paths towards democracy. Instead, democracy seems reachable from a variety of directions. This is in line with the analogy of diffusion of innovations at the nation systems level, for which assumptions are that potential adopter systems may vary in susceptibility over time. The adoption of the institutions of democracy therefore corresponds to the adoption of a new political communications standard for a nation, in this case the innovation of involving in principle all adult citizens on an equal basis. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

The possibility for plants to utilize phosphorus in soil is a prerequisite for conducting agricultural production, both small scale and professional. Spreading of phosphorus fertilizers and manure is therefore seen as a necessity in today's agriculture in order to achieve high yield. Manure management, livestock farming and manure storage could contribute to the eutrophication of lakes and rivers. For instance, when the ground becomes saturated, phosphorus leakage could be seen in surface runoff or in point sources resulting from inadequate manure storage management.

In the municipality of Växjö there is still many bodies of water that do not reach the Swedish environmental water quality standard of "good ecological status". This thesis has therefore analyzed the manure management and storage on agricultural farms which may have contributed to eutrophication in the municipality.

The method for this thesis was a literature study, a questionnaire survey with 820 receivers and a summary of issued inspection reports from 2013.

The results highlight the ways in which agriculture may have contributed to the eutrophication of lakes and streams in the municipality of Växjö. The survey showed that there is a large number of farmers that are unknown to the inspectors in the municipality and the inspection reports reveal many shortcomings in terms of manure management. The results also indicates that there is an overall lack of knowledge among farmers about why it is important to have a safe manure management as well as storing the manure safely. More information needs to reach the operators, higher standards and more regulatory controls are needed to reduce farms contribution to eutrophication and for Sweden to reach environmental targets and environmental quality standards for water.

I denna studie beskriver jag problemet hur planering och zonering av destinationer för friluftsliv och ekoturism kan göras. Genom att utveckla och analysera teori och resultat abduktivt har analys och slutsats utvecklats med Kristianstad Vattenrike som utvalt studerat område. Kristianstad Vattenrike är ett av Sveriges fem biosfärområden och sträcker sig nästan över hela Kristianstad kommun med en mångfald av olika naturtyper. Som utnämnt biosfärområde ska man bidra till hållbar utveckling och utveckla området utefter ledorden bevara, utveckla och stödja och planera området i kärnområden, buffertzoner och utvecklingsområden.

För att uppnå studiens syfte att abduktivt visa i teoretisk och analytisk växelverkan hur man kan planera och zonera en destination för friluftsliv och ekoturism så har jag valt att beskriva hur planering av friluftsliv kan göras, om zonering, om planering för ekoturism och rural turismutveckling. Dessa har utvecklats abduktivt med utvald kvalitativ metod för analys av en destination, Kristianstad Vattenrike, och hur det planeras i praktiken för eventuell zonering av friluftsliv och ekoturism enligt tre intervjuer och skriftliga källor om Kristianstad Vattenrike.

I studiens resultat och analys analyseras tre frågeställningar för syftet: 1) Vilka förutsättningar för friluftsupplevelser och ekoturism erbjuder natur, landskap samt infrastruktur i Kristianstad Vattenrike?, 2) Hur planeras det för friluftsliv och ekoturism i Kristianstad Vattenrike? och 3) Varför ska zonering användas som medel för att planera hållbara destinationer för friluftsliv och ekoturism?

Här beskrivs vilket brett utbud av naturtyper som erbjuds i ett friluftsliv som hela tiden utvecklas med behov och efterfrågan på området, men också med produktutveckling. Det beskrivs att de använt bl a plan för att utveckla badplatser inom Kristianstad Vattenrike som kan utvecklas generellt för friluftslivet. För ekoturism görs vissa näringslivssatsningar men inget som direkt lyckas inspirera till ett hållbart ansvarstagande för företag, men ett par uthålliga entreprenörer har lyckats med utveckling av säsonger för upplevelse av Vattenriket över året. Zonering som medel för planering av friluftsliv och ekoturism beskrivs och klargörs att det är en eftersatt modell i Sverige för planering av friluftsliv och ekoturism och även så i Kristianstad Vattenrike. Efter granskade resultat och analyser så dras slutsatser med studien att zonering behöver en svensk uttalad definition för att lättare kommuniceras och förstås för implementering som destinationer som Kristianstad Vattenrike skulle dra fördel av vid planering och zonering för friluftsliv och ekoturism.

Background: Wetlands store significant amounts of carbon through plant respiration and anaerobic peat formation, however, there is little knowledge on which factors affect the carbon storage distribution within wetlands.

Aims: To determine how much carbon and nitrogen wetlands can store over time and whether there are patterns of high and low carbon and nitrogen storage within wetlands.

Methods: Peat samples of a defined volume, cut out from three constructed wetlands were dried, weighed and analysed for their carbon and nitrogen content. To determine whether there are any patterns in carbon and nitrogen storage distribution or differences between sampling points, their values as well as their ratios were statistically analysed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis.

Results: On average 48.94 t C ha^-1is stored at the constructed wetland facility which equates 3.06 t C ha^-1 storage per year. There is no patterns in carbon storage within wetlands, however, the C:N mass ratio is lower at the inlet suggesting that high N concentrations in inflowing water increases N content.

Conclusions: The carbon storage found is significantly lower than storage at natural inland and coastal wetlands, however, similar to anthropogenically affected wetlands. Standardisation across studies through using same sampling depths, vegetation cover measurement and climate classification may help to uncover patterns in carbon storage in the future. Focus should be placed on protecting wetlands rather than restoring them as the latter often fails to restore full functionality. This is especially important for cold climate wetlands which store significantly more carbon through slower plant respiration and subsequently slower re-uptake of carbon.

Background

It has previously been shown that isotonic strength training can improve driver performance among golfers, though few studies have investigated effects of strength training on swing kinematics together with driver performance. In this study we investigated whether isokinetic rotational training could improve driver performance and swing kinematic variables amongst elite golfers.

Methods

Twenty competitive pre-elite golfers (handicap better than −3.0), 13 men and 7 women, were split into two groups, one group received the isokinetic power training (IK) alongside their normal isotonic pre-season strength-training and the other group continued with their normal isotonic pre-season strength-training regime (IT). The IK group completed 12 sessions of isokinetic power training on a standing rotation exercise (10% body weight at 1 m/s) and barbell squat (25 kg plus 10% body weight at 0.5 m/s). The IT group continued with their normal isotonic pre-season strength-training regime. Participants were tested for rotational power, lower body power, golf swing kinematics, and driver performance before and after a nine-week training period.

Results

After the nine-week training period both the IK and the IT groups increased their dominant side rotational force and power (effect sizes between 0.50–0.96) and magnitude based inference indicated that IK had a likely (> 80%) more beneficial increase in dominant side rotational force and power. For swing kinematics, IK had a likely (> 80%) more beneficial improvement in lead arm speed and acceleration compared to the IT group. For driver performance, IK had a possible (65%) beneficial effect on ball speed and likely (78%) beneficial effect on carry distance when compared to IT, whereas neither of the groups improved club head speed.

Conclusion

In the present study on pre-elite golfers we found that 9 weeks of isokinetic training increased seated rotational force and power, peak arm speed and arm acceleration, ball speed, and carry distance more compared to isotonic training. Even though isokinetic training did not increase CHS, it did result in greater carry distance. © The Author(s). 2017

In many sports development of power is considered to be one of the most important physiological qualities for success. Despite many studies in the area, research investigating unilateral power training methods for elite athletes is lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of unilateral explosive strength training on lower body power output and movement velocity after six weeks of training. METHODS: 17 elite male handball players (means±SD, 22±4 years), experienced in resistance training, participated in a six week intervention study. The athletes were divided in to one training group (TR) n=11, which performed 15 supervised unilateral explosive strength training sessions during six weeks, and one control group (CTL) n=6, that trained their normal bilateral resistance training for developing power. The training program was performed with heavy loads (>80%1RM) and maximal intended movement velocity. Loaded bilateral vertical squat jump tests were made in a spectrum of loads (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100kg) pre- and post training period. A linear encoder was fixed to the barbell which measured  average power in the concentric phase (APc), average power in the eccentric phase (APe), peak velocity (pV) and time to peak velocity (tpV). Non parametric statistics were used to analyze differences within (Wilcoxon test) and between (Mann-Whitney test) the two groups. RESULTS: After six weeks training group (TR) showed significant improvements (p<0,05) in post-tests compared to pre-tests on all five different loads on; average concentric power (APc) 20kg (p=0,003), 40kg (p=0,004), 60kg (p=0,003) 80kg (p=0,003) and 100kg (p=0,003). Average eccentric power (APe) 20kg (p=0,026), 40kg (p=0,021), 60kg (p=0,004), 80kg (p=0,006) and 100kg (p=0, 041). Time to peak velocity (tpV) 20kg (p=0,005), 40kg (p=0,005), 60kg (p=0,007), 80 kg (p=0,005) and 100kg (p=0,005). Significant improvements occurred also for TR in peak velocity (pV) on the higher loads of 60kg (p=0,007), 80kg (p=0,015) and 100kg (p=0,006). No significant improvements were found within the control group (CTL) in any of the measured parameters. Significant differences (p<0,05) were seen between TR group and CTL group on every load (20-100kg) between TR and CTL  group on APc (p= 0,044, 0,003, 0,004, 0,001 and 0,001) and tpV (p= 0,002, 0,015, 0,004, 0,006 and 0,003). Significant differences were also seen between TR and CTL group in APe on 40kg (p= 0,021) 60kg (p= 0,012) and 80kg (p= 0,009) and in pV on 80kg (p= 0,018) and 100kg (p=0,035). CONCLUSION: The TR group showed improvements after only a short period of structured unilateral maximal velocity training which indicates that unilateral training principles could be effective for improving lower body power output in elite athletes involved in sports where unilateral movements predominate. More and longer studies are needed to evaluate further potential benefits of unilateral strength training.

Purpose: This discussion paper aims to contribute to a greater understanding of the state of the art of research engaged with conceptual matters of space and place for health and care.Method: The authors, who represent a variety of academic disciplines, discuss and demon- strate the conceptual recognition of space and place in research in health and caring sciences building upon own work and experience.

Results: To explore the concepts of space and place for health and care is a research pursuit of utmost importance, and should be made through transdisciplinary research collaborations, whereby spatial theories from various disciplines could be communicated to cultivate truly novel and well-informed research. Furthermore, engaging with relational and topological perceptions of space and place poses methodological challenges to overcome in future research on health and care.

Conclusions: We argue that there is a need for accelerating spatially informed research on health and care that is informed by current theories and perspectives on space and place, and transdisciplinary research collaborations are a means to achieving this. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Institutions of modern societies have often been argued to evolve, but their evolution is rarely examined in Darwinian and empirical terms. Here we use the categorical data set MaxRange on nations’ regime-types and their constituting institutions historically for analysis of their phylogeny. The MaxRange data set covers all nations in the world system of nations since 1600 with details on accountability structures, executive strength and degree of centralization, constitutional strength, democracy and other aspects of the political systems. We describe and analyze the character of the “true phylogeny” of regime-type evolution in the nations of the world 1600--2020. Our results indicate that evolutionary network rather evolutionary tree models have superior fit to data. Using the extracted phylogeny, we also investigate the dynamic networks of nations in terms of regime-types, accountability structures and their related background factors such as religions and language. Network centrality measures of nations and regime-types provide new important explanatory variables for network-adjusted survival analyses of various institutions, from types and levels of democracy to details of regime-types, including institutions like parliamentarism, presidentialism, and their hybrid forms.

In 2009, the responsibility for animal welfare was moved from the local authorities at the municipality(kommunerna) to the County Administrative Board(länsstyrelsen). This was a result of many differences between the different municipalities in how they handled animal welfare. Shoulder lesions of sows are a matter of opinion and therefore, a complicated question. Sows suffer from shoulder lesions for many reasons: e.g. the amount of straw available. During the autumn of 2010, a Swedish farmer was convicted of animal cruelty in Varbergs district court. This was later appealed in the Court of Appeals, where it was overturned. The verdict brought the question concerning shoulder lesions to the surface and has since then been heavily debated. In the rapport I have investigated if there are any differences regarding this matter between the counties. To do this I requested public documents from the counties of Västra Götaland, Jönköping, Kronoberg, Kalmar, Skåne and Blekinge. I sent out a questionnaire to these counties to get as clear results as possible. The results from the public documents viewing showed no results, due to the fact that I could not view every document available. I had the opportunity to review the public documents of five of the six counties. In the question of the interview questionnaire four of the six counties answered. The results from the questionnaire show that similarities and differences could be observed. When interpretations of the law apply, different problems arise. This is something the County of Administration Board has taken in consideration and decided to work with this year. This thesis focuses on identifying and highlighting any differences between counties.

The interest for functional strength training in golf has grown the last decade and scientists are always trying to find training stategies to improve the biomechanical aspects of the swing. Kinematic sequence contains a proximal-to-distal sequence order towards impact, and an effective kinematic sequence in the down swing begins with a rotation in the pelvis and follows by an activation in thorax, arms and club in the respective order. The rotational torques in the proximal segments wanders through the body and to the more distal segments to create an effective energy – and power transfer at impact. The x-factor stretch is the seperation between the rotation in the pelvis and the thorax at the top of the back swing and at the beginning of the down swing. The kinematic sequence and x-factor stretch have been examined in recent studies and have established a correlation with club head speed, driving distance and accuracy. Although, studies have not found reliable training strategies for improving these aspects. The objectives of the study was to investigate if functional strength training and golf specific medicine ball throws for ten weeks could optimize a more effective kinematic sequence and increase the x-factor stretch among six elite amateur golfers. The medicine ball throw was performed by throwing the ball towards a visual ball placement on the ground and with an emphasis on power, and the functional strength training focused on dynamic stretching in thoracic spine and on pelvic – and core stability. The biomechanical data was collected by TPI 3D and were analyzed through mean values, standard deviations and student’s t-tests. The results showed significant improvements in the peak timing pre- impact of the club and in the pelvis, and also in the x-factor stretch. Improvements did also appear in peak speeds, acceleration and consistency within the group. Individual and significant differences could also be seen regarding timing, peak speed, acceleration, deceleration and angular speed gain between the segments. The study detected some distinct tendencies that could serve as a base for future studies. 

Syftet med den här litteraturstudien var att undersöka effekten av hög protein- och fettrik kost på styrketräning. De flesta dagliga matvaror innehåller oftast både protein och fett förutom rena kolhydratkällor, vilka har olika effekt på kroppen vid styrketräning. Styrketräning kan påverka proteinsyntesen, muskelhypertrofi, lipolys och fettoxidationen i kroppen. Dessa processer influeras av mängden protein eller fett som konsumeras, vilken typ av protein eller fett som konsumeras samt tidpunkten intaget sker i relation till styrketräning.Studier har visat att ett högt proteinintag i kombination med styrketräning kan leda till ökad muskelmassa och viktnedgång på grund av en ökad proteinsyntes, lipolys och fettoxidation. Tidigare forskning visar också att ett ökat fettintag stimulerar lipolys och fettoxidationen hos individer. Ett ökat intag av protein och fett kan också ha negativa effekter på kroppen vid överkonsumtion. Ett ökat intag av proteinkällor som innehåller stora mängder fett kan leda till flera negativa effekter så som njursvikt, förhöjt blodtryck, kalciumbrist, skelettnedbrytning, kardiovaskulära sjukdomar och ökad fettinlagring.Slutsatsen är att mängden protein och fett som konsumeras kan leda till flera olika effekter vid styrketräning och kan anpassas till individens egna mål.

Background: As a sport Golf is known for its power and precision regarding the swing. The swing that produces the most power is the drive. The club head speed (CHS) of the drive is a commonly used measurement of swing performance. Studies have shown a strong correlation between CHS and rotational power of the trunk musculature. Up until this year the gold standard for measuring rotational power of the trunk has been the medicine ball side throw (MBST). In 2012 a study investigating the rotational power in the trunk measured by a seated cable torso rotation (SCTR) was published. For this thesis, the authors hypothesized that the SCTR would have a higher correlation to CHS than MBST. Method: A correlation study design was used to examine the relationship between CHS, SCTR and MBST. 20 healthy competitive amateur high school golfers (n=20 - 17 male, 3 female, age 17 ±1.2, weight 73 ±12 kg, height 180 ±9 cm, handicap 6,6 ±2,4) were recruited. Results: Significant correlations were found between; CHS and MBST (r=0,79 p=0,01); CHS and SCTR (r=0,80 p=0,01, r=0,80 p=0,01). MBST and SCTR also significantly correlated with ball speed. Discussion: Results did not confirm the authors’ hypothesis, although both tests proved to be significantly correlated to CHS. This shows that both tests seem to be equally effective when testing rotational power in competitive high school golfers, although the MBST seems to be more efficient.