Social welfare is the product of the development of human society. Western countries began to build their own welfare systems in the late 19th century. Child welfare is also their focus. The child welfare system can affect the development trend of a country, and it is also directly related to the physical and psychological development of children, especially the orphans. After the United Nations promulgated the Convention on the Rights and Interests of the Child in 1989, governments of various countries have also actively improved their country's child welfare system under the framework of the CRC. Especially in Western countries, the government has invested a lot of money to solve child poverty, improve child welfare, and create a good growth environment for children in the country. Sweden has institutions dedicated to child welfare and a relatively complete child welfare system. The government has a high proportion of financial support for the entire welfare system.Swedish child welfare covers all stages of a child from birth to completion of 2university. In China, due to the constraints of the national system and national development, the child welfare system started late. Although the government has gradually begun to pay attention to the growth environment and welfare of children in recent years, the development of China's child welfare system is still in its initial stage, mainly for the assistance of orphans and disabled children, and it is also a supplementary welfare stage. This article analyzes the child welfare systems of the two countries through an in-depth comparison of the historical development, administrative structure, content, and capital investment of the child welfare systems in Sweden and China. On the basis of consulting the laws and government regulations on child welfare in the two countries and the welfare-related data collected by the government, the development and current situation of the child welfare systems in Sweden and China are summarized. Through comparison with Sweden, it pointed out the gap between China's child welfare system and Sweden, and put forward reasonable reform suggestions, such as improving the legal system, increasing the government's financial investment, and reforming the establishment of administrative institutions.