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Lost in Space - an exploration of help-seeking among young people with mental health problems: a constructivist grounded theory study
Halmstad University, School of Health and Welfare, Centre of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport (CVHI). Affecta Pscyhiatric Clinic, Halmstad, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1324-558X
Halmstad University, School of Health and Welfare, Centre of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport (CVHI), Health and Nursing.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3576-2393
Halmstad University, School of Health and Welfare, Centre of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport (CVHI).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4218-4499
Halmstad University, School of Health and Welfare, Centre of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport (CVHI).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8354-3382
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2020 (English)In: Archives of Public Health, ISSN 0778-7367, E-ISSN 2049-3258, Vol. 78, article id 93Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Mental health problems among young people is a worldwide public health concern. There has been an increase in mental health problems among young people in the Nordic countries in the last 25 years, particularly in Sweden. Despite this increase, international research has repeatedly shown that young people do not access or receive support when encountering mental health problems. The purpose of this study was to explore the process of help-seeking for professional support among young people with mental health problems. Methods: The study used qualitative constructivist Grounded Theory and open-ended interviews. Thirteen young people between 15 and 23, recruited from two local support clinics, were interviewed. Results: Lost in space emerged as the core category, capturing aspects of both the experience of self and mental health problems as well as the process of seeking and acquiring help from professional support systems. The study identified several prominent barriers for seeking and acquiring professional help for mental health problems. The young people expressed a lack of knowledge on mental health issues and support services and substantial efforts were made to try to cope with problems on one’s own. Lost in space involved Drifting - trying to make sense of own experiences and struggling to cope with problems, Navigating - searching for help through multiple attempts and contacts and Docking - finding support with something/somebody that feels right. Conclusions: The theoretical model sheds light on how young people with mental health problems were met with fragmented support services. Society needs to provide encompassing, youth-friendly and flexible support services, so that attempts at help-seeking are not missed. © The Author(s). 2020

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Brussels: Institut Scientifique de Sante Publique / Scientific Institut of Public Health , 2020. Vol. 78, article id 93
Keywords [en]
Sweden, mental health, young people, help-seeking, support services, grounded theory
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43346DOI: 10.1186/s13690-020-00471-6ISI: 000578585200002PubMedID: 33042539Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85092284075OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hh-43346DiVA, id: diva2:1480300
Note

Funding: The County of Halland, Sweden (grant numbers 68995 and 723861, 2017), The Swedish Partnership for Mental Health (NSPH) (2016) and The Swedish Society of Nursing (2019).

Available from: 2020-10-27 Created: 2020-10-27 Last updated: 2021-11-03Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Exploring mental health and potential health assets in young people
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring mental health and potential health assets in young people
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Young people in Sweden generally claim to have a good quality of life, but also report increasing mental health problems. It is a concern that only a minority of young people seek and/or access support when encountering mental health problems as mental health is a fundamental human right and integral to a positive development in both childhood and throughout the lifespan. There are uncertainties as to how to facilitate help-seeking and promote mental health among young people and previous studies have often focused on risk-reduction. A shift from a pathological view to a resource-based perspective of mental health can be achieved by adopting a health assets’ approach. This approach also ascribes due emphasis to the fact that mental health is developed within a social context, where both individual and structural health assets, such as the support system, are of importance. With this in mind, the overall aim of this thesis was to explore individual and structural health assets in relation to the mental health of young people.

This thesis is based on four studies using both quantitative (Studies I and II) and qualitative (Study III) methods as well as a scoping review method with a qualitative synthesis (Study IV). Studies I and II had a cross-sectional design and utilized data from self-reported health-related ratings collected in schools in 2011. The association between socio-economic determinants and self-rated mental health in two age groups (11-13 and 14-16) was explored in Study I, and optimism and pessimism as a bi-dimensional construct, and its impact on health-related quality of life and potential to function as a health asset was explored in Study II. In Studies III and IV, the help- seeking process was explored from the perspective of young people, firstly with constructivist grounded theory in Study III based on interviews of young people seeking help for mental health problems within a local setting, and secondly, through a scoping review examination and qualitative synthesis of national and international literature on help-seeking in Study IV.

The results identified potential health assets on both individual and structural levels. The explored health assets on an individual level were socio-economic status and socio-demographic factors (Study I), dispositional optimism (Study II) and individual resources for help-seeking (Studies III and IV), while health assets on a structural level were explored through the experience of and perceptions of young people’s help-seeking process

(Studies III and IV). The individual health assets of socio-economic status and migratory background were seen to affect mental health differently for boys and girls with the boys being susceptible to an accumulation of socio-economic risk factors including family wealth affecting their mental health negatively, and the mental health of the young girls with a migratory background being affected positively (Study I).The individual health asset of optimism was found to be potentially supportive for help-seeking and mental health (Study II). Young people were optimistic about their future but there was a significant decrease in optimism and health-related quality of life, and a significant increase in pessimism, with age. Optimism was independently and positively associated with a high level of health-related quality of life among young people, even when adjusting for parents’ marital status, family country background and gender. Knowledge and a desire for self-reliance were identified as potential individual health assets mainly in regard to the help-seeking process (Studies III and IV). Young people expressed how their knowledge of mental health and the support system was inadequate, rendering a feeling of insecurity, however, they also expressed a strong desire for self-reliance in regard to their mental health. Help-seeking was characterised as a dynamic and psychosocial process without sequentially fixed stages. Potential health assets on a structural level were identified as support through social networks, and a responsive, collective and accessible support system. However, young people perceived the support system as unresponsive, focused on protocol instead of person, fragmented and spread, and lacking in accessibility. The results implied that equipping young people with sufficient knowledge would capitalize on the individual health assets of self-reliance and optimism, conducive to help-seeking and mental health, but that the support system needs to improve in order to meet the particular needs of young people.

Abstract [sv]

Unga människor i Sverige uppger generellt att de har en god livskvalitet. Samtidigt rapporteras om en ökad psykisk ohälsa hos ungdomar vilket gör området till en nationell prioritet. Psykiska problem debuterar ofta i ungdomen och fortsätter in i vuxen ålder. Det är dock få ungdomar som söker hjälp. En stor del av tidigare forskning har ägnats åt ungdomar med psykisk sjukdom, kanske för att dessa är lättare att identifiera än ungdomar som befinner sig i en mer odefinierbar ”gråskala” av psykisk ohälsa. Detta innebär dock att även de som löper en uppbenbar risk för att utveckla psykisk sjukdom hänvisas till egna resurser och nätverk för att ta hand om psykiska problem. För att samhället ska kunna nå ungdomar för hälsofrämjande stöd och insatser, är det av vikt att vi får utökade kunskaper om hur hjälpsökande och psykisk hälsa kan förstärkas. Denna avhandling har utgått från ett resursperspektiv för att öka kunskapen om hur den psykisk hälsan kan främjas hos ungdomar. Ett sådant perspektiv betonar en syn på hälsa där både strukturella och individuella resurser anses samverka för utveckling av psykisk hälsa. Syftet med avhandlingen har varit att utforska individuella och strukturella resurser som kan ha betydelse för ungdomars psykiska hälsa. 

Denna sammanläggningsavhandling bygger på fyra delstudier. Studie I, II och III har utförts inom samma geografiska område, en sydsvensk medelstor tätort. Studie I och II i avhandlingen har använt kvantitativa metoder och är tvärsnittsstudier utifrån data insamlat under hösten 2011 på skolor. Materialet gav en ögonblicksbild av ungdomars självskattade hälsa, livskvalitet och optimism inför framtiden relaterat till individuella faktorer socio-ekonomisk status och socio-demografi. Studie III och IV har utforskat hjälpsökande processen genom två olika metoder; studie III var en kvalitativ intervjustudie med syfte att undersöka hjälpsökande utifrån ungdomars upplevelse och perspektiv, där en konstruktivistisk grundad teori användes. Studie IV var en litteraturstudie – scoping review, också med fokus på ungdomars upplevelse av hjälpsökande, där en kvalitativ, tematisk analys användes, dels för att få en djupare och mer nyanserad förståelse av ungdomars upplevelse av hjälpsökande-processen, men också för att validera fynden från studie III. Potentiella hälsorelaterade resurser identifierades på både individuell och strukturell nivå. Socio-ekonomisk status och sociodemografiska faktorer hade olika samband med psykisk hälsa för pojkar och flickor (studie I). Pojkar verkade vara mer känsliga för faktorer som välstånd och en ansamling av riskfaktorer, med en negativ påverkan på deras psykiska hälsa. Sociodemografiska faktorer utgjorde en resurs för hälsa så till vida att psykisk hälsa hos yngre flickor med utländsk bakgrund påverkades positivt. Optimism befanns vara en potentiell resurs för hälsa hos både pojkar och flickor då optimism hade ett samband med hälso-relaterad livskvalitet oberoende av sociodemografiska faktorer så som kön och bakgrund (studie II). Hjälpsökande processen definierades som en dynamisk och psykosocial process utan fasta steg eller fast ordning (studie III och IV). Ungdomar upplevde hjälpsökande-processen som svårnavigerad och uttryckte en uppfattning att stödsystemet var otillgängligt, fragmenterat och oflexibelt (studie III och IV). De såg vanligtvis inte primärvården som ett lämpligt ställe att söka vård, tyckte att åldersregler var begränsande och ansåg att de var tvungna att söka stöd på flera ställen för att få sina behov tillgodosedda, ofta utifrån medicinska kriterier (studie III och IV). Ungdomar uttryckte också att de hade för lite kunskap om psykisk hälsa och stödsystemet (studie III och IV) och de eftersträvade en självständighet (studie III och IV). Kunskap och självständighet kunde därför ses som möjliga individuella resurser för psykisk hälsa. Likaså kunde stöd från viktiga personer i ungdomars närhet, och personliga nätverk ha stor betydelse för hjälpsökande och psykisk hälsa. 

Föreliggande avhandling bidrar med kunskap om möjliga resurser för att främja ungdomars psykiska hälsa. Ungdomars egna perspektiv på individuella och strukturella faktorer för att främja den psykiska hälsan var ett viktigt bidrag för ökad kunskap inom området. Utifrån ungdomars perspektiv, behöver deras kunskap om psykisk hälsa förstärkas, och de behöver förstå när, hur och var de kan söka hjälp. Optimism hade ett samband med upplevelsen av livskvalitet. Interventioner som är riktade till att öka ungdomars kunskap om psykisk hälsa och stärkande av optimism skulle behöva utvecklas tillsammans med ungdomarna själva, och här är skolan en möjlig arena eftersom man då når alla ungdomar. Ytterligare anpassningar för ungdomars möjlighet att få stöd behövs, t.ex. behöver stöd vara mer lättillgängligt och samlat så att ungdomar inte måste söka vård på flera olika ställen. Stödet behöver vara mer flexibelt, fokuserat på ungdomars individuella situation och personcentrerat.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Halmstad: Halmstad University Press, 2021. p. 106
Series
Halmstad University Dissertations ; 81
Keywords
Mental health, health assets, young people, adolescents, help-seeking, user perspective
National Category
Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45811 (URN)978-91-88749-71-0 (ISBN)978-91-88749-72-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-12-03, Baertlingsalen, Kristian IV:s väg 3, Halmstad, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-11-04 Created: 2021-11-03 Last updated: 2021-11-04

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Häggström Westberg, KatrinNygren, Jens M.Nyholm, MariaCarlsson, Ing-MarieSvedberg, Petra

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