I jämförelse med forskning om existerande villkor i arbetslivet finns i Sverige relativt lite forskning om praktisk förändring av normer och strukturer i arbetslivet. En mängd forskning fokuserar på olika former av ojämlika förhållanden, såsom förekomsten av diskriminering eller segregering på arbetsmarknaden. Den forskning som riktar in sig på förändring behandlar i regel en diskrimineringsgrund i taget. Färre forskare har behandlat förändring ur ett intersektionellt perspektiv. Däremot har det framhållits att ytterligare forskning av den typen behövs.

Denna rapport är framställd av Oxford Research i samarbete med forskare vid Högskolan i Halmstad. Arbetet har genomförts på uppdrag av Tema Likabehandling. Uppdraget att framställa denna forskningsöversikt angav att den skulle behandla ansatser som bidrar till reell förändring för att nå ett arbetsliv där likabehandling är norm. Därför ligger fokus inte i första hand på individuella förutsättningar utan på förändringsarbete för att öka likabehandling utifrån ett institutionellt perspektiv. Rapporten riktar in sig på metoder, ansatser och faktorer som främjar förändringsarbete inom de områden som Tema Likabehandling arbetar med; likabehandling, jämställdhetsintegrering, tillgänglighet för personer med funktionsnedsättning och motverkan av diskriminering utifrån samtliga diskrimineringsgrunder. Förutom databassökningar har material inhämtats genom kontakter med forskare.

Public programs and measures aimed to support business, innovation and entrepreneurship in Sweden are by tradition targeted manufacturing companies in order to develop technology and to make industry more competitive. Such initiatives are following a gender blind norm, in the way they define their fields of action, and also in how they are presented, for example regarding language and psychological accessibility. Research shows that women don‟t feel themselves addressed by these initiatives or that it concerns their companies.

We think that a deeper understanding about why women are not reached, or attracted, by official measures taken to support business growth, can guide us in developing new models, methods and tools to stimulate and facilitate a climate for growth of women‟s entrepreneurship and long-term improve the conditions for women to create, run and develop their enterprises. We exemplify this through cases from three national R&D programmes financed by VINNOVA (The Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems) and KK-Stiftelsen (the Swedish Knowledge Foundation), both governmental authorities and research funders that aims to promote growth and prosperity throughout Sweden.

In the paper we discuss official efforts aimed to support business development and growth. In what way are they gender marked? What structures are active on different levels? What is the consistence between ambitions from the program managers and how presentation of the programs is received by the target groups? Who are reached and who participates? 

The project Gender Perspective on Embedded Intelligent Systems – Application in Healthcare Technology (G-EIS) financed by Vinnova is integrated into the research environment Embedded Intelligent Systems (EIS) at Halmstad University. EIS is contributing to the regional Triple Helix innovation system Healthcare Technology by developing new technology for application within the health and care sector, and there is an outspoken need for a more articulated gender perspective within the research environment. The project is inspired by the Technoscientific gender research. It has a qualitative and action research approach and is oriented toward development. In the project process the difference between epistemological cultures has been obvious. In the interaction between the researchers we realize that engineering and other technological sciences not only consider aspects of science to be separate from reality, but also seek positivistic proof in research, something not always possible in the more qualitative research of the social sciences. In the paper we discuss how to bridge and create understanding between sciences and different epistemological cultures.

Embedded Intelligent Systems (EIS) is the joint research field of the four collaborating laboratories at the School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE) at Halmstad University. The research of the four labs is integrated into a strong concerted research environment within embedded systems (EIS) - with a perspective reaching from the enabling technology via new system solutions and intelligent applications to end user aspects and business models. It is an expanding research area with many applications, not least ones that exist in everyday life.EIS is an important research environment contributing to the regional Triple Helix innovation system Healthcare Technology which the region has pointed out as a prioritised development sector. With its strong connections to both established and new, expanding firms hived off from the university, the research environment is active in the Healthcare Technology Alliance, a network of around sixty companies, counties and health care providers in south-western Sweden with the aim of developing the region into a leading arena for the development of health technology products and services. Several projects together with these participants concern both research and technology transfer.An integrated gender and gender equality perspective in innovations within the health technology area is necessary in order to be able to meet the needs of an ageing population with quality innovations. The relevancy of a gender perspective is clear in relation to the fact that about 70% of all those older than 75 years are women. Older women are on average cared for in hospital twice as long as men, partly due to differing disease panoramas, but also because men are more often cared for in the home by a woman while the women who live longer more often live alone. With the expansion of home-help and home nursing new needs follow and it is likely that a gender perspective will become necessary for the development of products and services that can make daily life easier for the elderly. The gender perspective also has relevance from the point of view of care staff. New technology is developed for application within the health and care sector where the larger professional groups consist mainly of women. The technology, most often designed by men, is used by women. With this in mind it is clear that an important aspect of good innovations is that the end users are involved in the innovation process.Based on an awareness of the need for a more articulated gender perspective within the research environment, in order to meet the needs expressed above, an application for a gender inclusive R&D project was handed in to the VINNOVA programme Applied Gender Research in Strong Research and Innovation Environments. The G-EIS project (Gender Perspective on Embedded Intelligent Systems - Application in Healthcare Technology) was approved and started in 2009. The project involves researchers from the EIS research environment as well as representatives from companies and the public sector.The project participants are on the whole agreed on the need for a gender perspective in the R&I environment, but struggle with the meeting of two epistemologically opposed theories of science. The understanding within gender studies that research and production both create reality and are informed by it is not always accepted within the areas of natural science. Engineering and other technological sciences not only consider aspects of science to be separate from reality, but also seek positivistic proof in research, something not always possible in the more qualitative research of the social sciences. Researching how these two perspectives meet within this specific project is the topic of this paper.

We are working as a research team of intermediates and researchers in supporting and initiating activities and processes within the Skåne Food Innovation Network (SFIN), aiming at implement gender mainstreaming in the activities, projects and initiatives taken by this innovation milieu.Guided by feminist research on organisation, innovation and regional development our research project is structured as an action research project in which we closely collaborate with SFIN, in which learning and knowledge sharing processes are core activities.Finding methods in how to support the project managers to let gender awareness and gender mainstreaming efforts trickle the network is a challenge. Working with gender equality and gender mainstreaming processes also craves for legitimacy and trustworthy.To begin the work and getting access, we have come to start in the very processes run by the project managers of the SFIN. By starting in the everyday work of the project manager, we have been able to identifying processes, issues and questions of how to deal with gender equality. Below we reflect on these processes and the work being carried out this far.

During the reign of traditional forms of organization - excess specialization and hierarchy - female participation in paid, ‘statistically counted’ work was much lower than for men. Insofar as women participated in working life, they tended to cluster on the lower levels of organization, as well as in highly specialized work. The main exception was health care where the work roles were more varied, but where there was a strong element of traditional family patterns brought into the workplace. This situation gave rise, several decades ago, to a movement towards more women in work, more equal opportunities in work, more women on higher organizational levels, more women in varied and challenging work and a more even distribution of men and women in all spheres of working life. In one important respect, this movement has been successful. In all the Scandinavian countries the share of women in work closely approaches that of men, in fact Sweden and Norway are world leaders in female employment. But what about the other issues? © Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2011.

An integration of activities such as incubators, technology transfer, student and alumni organisations etc related to entrepreneurship education is seen as promoting economic development and innovativeness in many parts of the world. This way of creating systems for entrepreneurship development has also recently been focused in Sweden. As a result of Swedish Government's ambition to stimulate growth economy, university entrepreneurship education program spring up all over the country in order to promote students' entrepreneurship.From previous research we know that the infrastructure has an impact for entrepreneurship (Delatte & Baytos, 1993; Hannon, 2003; Rosa & Dawson, 2006, Xu, 2010). The structure relates to the number of individuals in the management structure and the role the individual has in the management structure such as member of the board or manager. It also refers to characteristics of the individuals involved in the management such as diversity, gender, age, education competence and previous experience (Rosa & Dawson, 2006). Further, it has been shown that managers are important since a lack of role models have been shown to have an impact for both female entrepreneurs and female managers in decisions of starting and/or managing a business (Crampton & Mishra, 1999; Mattis, 2004). However, public and private initiatives aimed to support business development usually are following a gender blind norm both in the way it is presented, for example regarding language and psychological accessibility, and considering the fields pointed out. Research shows that women don't feel themselves addressed by these initiatives or that it concerns them (NUTEK, 2001; NUTEK, R 2007:34).Swedish Government recently challenged to higher education institutions to apply for finance to a development towards world- class standard in educational programmes in entrepreneurship and innovation (Prop. 2008/2009:1/16). The invitation was directed to higher education institutions that already run advanced studies in entrepreneurship and innovation and that also have a strong connection to research in the same area. Swedish National Agency for Higher Education was commissioned by the Government to examine the applications and invited a panel of international academic experts to asses the applications. Eleven applications were submitted from higher education institutions in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation. Four of the eleven institutions which applied where recommended by the panel of experts and these institutions were further ranked and recommended by Swedish National Agency for Higher Education to the University Chancellor. Two of these institutions were finally selected to be financed by the Swedish Government.This paper focuses on these eleven applications and the review process. The aim of the paper is to analyze and illustrate in what way the applications as well as the review process is gendered for example in terms of discourse and symbols in relation to educational setting, organizational structure, infrastructure, education management, education team assigned and branches of industry (Acker, 1992; Bruni, Gherardi & Poggio, 2005; Gunnarsson, Westberg, Andersson & Balkmar, 2007). We expect to find how gender is mirrored in these highly ranked applications and what impact the presence or absence of a gender focus will have for entrepreneurship and innovation education.