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Lind, J., Möllerström, E., Averfalk, H. & Ottermo, F. (2023). Energy flexibility using the thermal mass of residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 301, 1-12, Article ID 113698.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Energy flexibility using the thermal mass of residential buildings
2023 (English)In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 301, p. 1-12, article id 113698Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The transition to a more sustainable energy system with a growing amount of intermittent renewable energy sources brings an increasing need for flexibility measures to maintain balance between supply and demand. Buildings represent a promising source of demand-side flexibility due to their large energy demand and thermal mass. This review provides insights into the storage potential of building thermal mass, and the benefits and challenges it brings. It is found that building thermal mass storage have good ability to shift loads on short term, from peak to off-peak hours. This ability can be utilized for different purposes, for instance reduced costs for end-users or energy providers, reduced primary energy demand, or reduced CO2 emissions. Furthermore, this review explores different factors that influence the storage potential of building thermal mass, with special attention paid to the heat emission system. It is shown that hydronic floor heating is beneficial compared to radiators since it directly can activate the thermal mass with smaller impact on the indoor temperature. It is also found that the factor with largest impact is the envelope insulation level; increased insulation level brings improved storage efficiency and prolonged thermal autonomy but also decreased storage capacity and increased risk of overheating. Finally, research gaps are identified. © 2023 The Authors

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Building thermal mass (BTM), Demand-side management, Energy flexibility, Load shifting, Residential buildings, Thermal energy storage (TES)
National Category
Energy Systems Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-52037 (URN)10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113698 (DOI)2-s2.0-85175613669& (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-11-21 Created: 2023-11-21 Last updated: 2023-11-28Bibliographically approved
Sánchez-García, L., Averfalk, H., Möllerström, E. & Persson, U. (2023). Understanding effective width for district heating. Energy, 277, Article ID 127427.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Understanding effective width for district heating
2023 (English)In: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 277, article id 127427Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

District heating is one of the technologies that can contribute to the decarbonisation of the European heat sector. Nonetheless, these infrastructures only deliver about a tenth of the heat demands in the continent. Therefore, it is essential to assess the expansion potential of these systems and to identify which areas should be target for further investigations, which calls for easy-to-use and straightforward methods such as Persson & Werner's network capital cost model. Pivotal parameters of the model are the effective width, a metric of trench length by land area, alongside the average pipe diameter and the linear heat density. This study has carried out an in-depth analysis of these crucial parameters with respect to both distribution and service pipes in a large Danish district heating network, which has allowed to explore the behaviour of effective width in a broad range of building densities and derive new equations for both effective width and average pipe diameter. The model has subsequently been validated in another large network in Denmark and several minor districts in the same country, showing the accuracy of the model on an aggregated level. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
London: Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
District heating, GIS, Pipe network, Cost analysis, Effective width, Plot ratio
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Smart Cities and Communities
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-50424 (URN)10.1016/j.energy.2023.127427 (DOI)000992994200001 ()2-s2.0-85154565584 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 846463
Available from: 2023-05-07 Created: 2023-05-07 Last updated: 2023-06-21Bibliographically approved
Sánchez-García, L., Averfalk, H., Persson, U., Hermoso-Martínez, N. & Hernández-Iñarra, P. (2023). Viability of district heating networks in temperate climates: Benefits and barriers of cold and warm temperature networks. In: Lund, Henrik; Mathiesen, Brian Vad; Østergaard, Poul Alberg; Brodersen, Hans Jørgen (Ed.), Book of Abstracts: 9th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems. Paper presented at 9th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, Copenhagen, Denmark, 12-13 September, 2023 (pp. 280-281). Aalborg
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Viability of district heating networks in temperate climates: Benefits and barriers of cold and warm temperature networks
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2023 (English)In: Book of Abstracts: 9th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems / [ed] Lund, Henrik; Mathiesen, Brian Vad; Østergaard, Poul Alberg; Brodersen, Hans Jørgen, Aalborg, 2023, p. 280-281Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The decarbonization of the heat supply and the attainment of a higher security of supply demand the transition towards zero-carbon heating solutions. In dense urban environments, where the construction cost of a pipe network is relatively low, heating and cooling networks can deliver heating and cooling at a lower cost compared to individual solutions. 

This paper builds on prior research by these authors mapping heating and cooling energy use in Bilbao, Spain, a city characterised by mild oceanic climate and a dense urban pattern. Areas within the city where heating and cooling networks could be more feasible have been identified taking into account the building stock characteristics and energy use, together with other urban and resource parameters, and a city district has been selected for further study.      

Warm networks deliver heat at a sufficiently high temperature to be directly used by the consumers whereas cold networks employ lower temperatures, thus requiring heat pumps at the consumers premises. Research has highlighted as advantages of this newer configuration the possibility of delivering both heating and cooling with the same network, the lower capital costs of these networks and negligible heat losses. Nonetheless, comparisons between the two technologies have been seldom performed in the literature. In this paper, an economic comparison between these two solutions is presented for the selected district of Bilbao.  Results show that cold networks require a lower investment in the actual network infrastructure but the distributed heat pumps increase the costs to a higher total CAPEX than in warm networks.  Overall life cycle costs of heat are also slightly higher for cold networks than for warm networks. Other benefits and barriers for each of the solutions, for example regarding necessary space or speed and modularity of the implementation of the network are also discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Aalborg: , 2023
Keywords
District Heating, Warm Network, Cold Network, Distribution Technology, Heat Density
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Smart Cities and Communities
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-51640 (URN)
Conference
9th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, Copenhagen, Denmark, 12-13 September, 2023
Projects
Decarb City Pipes 2050 - Transition roadmaps to energy efficient, zero-carbon urban heating and cooling
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 893509
Available from: 2023-09-15 Created: 2023-09-15 Last updated: 2023-09-28Bibliographically approved
Averfalk, H. (2022). IEA Heat Pumping Technologies TCP Annex 57:Flexibility by implementation of heat pumps in multi-vector energy systems and thermal networks: Task 1, Swedish background report.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>IEA Heat Pumping Technologies TCP Annex 57:Flexibility by implementation of heat pumps in multi-vector energy systems and thermal networks: Task 1, Swedish background report
2022 (English)Report (Other academic)
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48290 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 51525-1
Available from: 2022-10-07 Created: 2022-10-07 Last updated: 2022-10-07
Norrström, H., Stålne, K., Averfalk, H. & Werner, S. (2022). Ranagård med 4GDH-teknik: Slutrapport mars 2022. Eskilstuna: Energimyndigheten
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ranagård med 4GDH-teknik: Slutrapport mars 2022
2022 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Eskilstuna: Energimyndigheten, 2022. p. 75
Keywords
Ny fjärrvärmeteknik, genomförande, acceptans, hinder, möjligheter
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48278 (URN)
Projects
Ranagård med ny 4GDH-teknik
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 48259-1
Available from: 2022-10-06 Created: 2022-10-06 Last updated: 2022-10-17Bibliographically approved
Sánchez-García, L., Persson, U. & Averfalk, H. (2022). sEEnergies special report: Construction costs of new district heating networks in France. sEEnergies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>sEEnergies special report: Construction costs of new district heating networks in France
2022 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This report aims to present the results of the work carried out within the sEEnergies project pertaining to estimating construction costs of new district heating networks in France.

This project has followed a similar methodology to Heat Roadmap Europe when estimating the costs of district heating systems. Nonetheless, several improvements have been introduced to attain more realistic results. On the one hand, it has been carried out a detailed geographic analysis of two large Danish networks so the necessary pipe length can be better appraised. Moreover, both the distribution network and service pipes have been taken into consideration. On the other hand, pipe construction cost data from each country has been used to the maximum extent possible.  

This part of the project has only focused on the pipe network and has not taken into account other elements for the development of a district heating system, such as heat supply plants or the connections to the heat demands via a substation. 

The results for France show that the country has a significant potential for District Heating expansion. Approximately a quarter of the total heat demand (28%) could be supplied with a cost lower than 20 €/MWh and nearly half of the heat demand (47%) would be economically viable with a higher marginal cost of 30 €/MWh. Nonetheless, there is significant regional variation. For instance, for a marginal cost threshold of 20 €/MWh, Paris could cover nearly the entire heat demand and the other départements of the petite couronne de París, could reach penetration rates above 70%. On the contrary, the 12 least dense départements would not be able to deliver more than 10% of the heat demand, having the département of Vendée the lowest potential with merely 3%. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
sEEnergies, 2022. p. 27
Keywords
District Heating, GIS, Energy Transition, France
National Category
Energy Engineering Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48478 (URN)
Available from: 2022-10-14 Created: 2022-10-14 Last updated: 2022-10-17Bibliographically approved
Sánchez-García, L., Averfalk, H. & Persson, U. (2022). sEEnergies special report: Construction costs of new district heating networks in Germany. sEEnergies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>sEEnergies special report: Construction costs of new district heating networks in Germany
2022 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This report aims to present the results of the work carried out within the sEEnergies project pertaining to estimating construction costs of new district heating networks in Germany.

This project has followed a similar methodology to Heat Roadmap Europe when estimating the costs of district heating systems. Nonetheless, several improvements have been introduced to attain more realistic results. On the one hand, it has been carried out a detailed geographic analysis of two large Danish networks so the necessary pipe length can be better appraised. Moreover, both the distribution network and service pipes have been taken into consideration. On the other hand, pipe construction cost data from each country has been used to the maximum extent possible.  

This part of the project has only focused on the pipe network and has not taken into account other elements for the development of a district heating system, such as heat supply plants or the connections to the heat demands via a substation. 

The results for Germany show that the country has a significant potential for District Heating expansion. Approximately a quarter of the total heat demand could be supplied with a cost lower than 20 €/MWh and nearly half of the heat demand would be economically viable with a higher marginal cost of 30 €/MWh. Nonetheless, there is significant regional variation, and whilst the most urban districts (kreise) could reach penetration rates above 70% for a marginal cost of 20 €/MWh, the least dense would fall below 10% of the heat demand. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
sEEnergies, 2022. p. 26
Keywords
District Heating, GIS, Energy Transition, Germany
National Category
Energy Engineering Energy Systems
Research subject
Smart Cities and Communities
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48303 (URN)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 846463
Available from: 2022-10-10 Created: 2022-10-10 Last updated: 2022-10-17Bibliographically approved
Sánchez-García, L., Persson, U., Averfalk, H., Hermoso-Martínez, N. & Hernández-Iñarra, P. (2022). Viability of district heating networks in temperate climates: Benefits and barriers of ultra-low cold and warm temperature networks. In: Lund, Henrik (Ed.), 8th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems: 13-14 September 2022: Book of abstracts. Paper presented at 8th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, Aalborg, Denmark, 13-14 September, 2022 (pp. 186-186). Aalborg
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Viability of district heating networks in temperate climates: Benefits and barriers of ultra-low cold and warm temperature networks
Show others...
2022 (English)In: 8th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems: 13-14 September 2022: Book of abstracts / [ed] Lund, Henrik, Aalborg, 2022, p. 186-186Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The decarbonization of the heat supply and the achievement of a higher energy security calls for the substitution of conventional fossil fuel boilers by other means of heat supply. In dense urban areas, where the pipe network cost is proportionally lower, district heating can be an attractive solution for this goal. If there is a possibility to recover heat that would otherwise be wasted or produce renewable heat centrally in a more economic manner, this can be a very cost-effective solution for decarbonising the heat supply. Networks for district heating have traditionally distributed heat at a temperature sufficiently high to virtually all consumers. In cold district networks , the network is maintained at close to ambient temperature (10-30°C), and require the heat to be boosted at the consumer level. Cold networks have drawn plenty of research attention thanks to several advantages such as their capacity to provide with the same network both heating and cooling or using more economic piping.  Nonetheless, comparisons between the two technologies have been seldom performed in the literature. This study has aimed to fill this gap and has drawn an economic comparison between these two solutions in a case study for the city of Bilbao, which presents a mild oceanic climate but features a very dense urban fabric. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Aalborg: , 2022
Keywords
Warm Network, Cold Network, Distribution Technology, Heat Density
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Smart Cities and Communities
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48752 (URN)
Conference
8th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, Aalborg, Denmark, 13-14 September, 2022
Projects
Decarb City Pipes 2050 - Transition roadmaps to energy efficient, zero-carbon urban heating and cooling
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 893509
Available from: 2022-12-04 Created: 2022-12-04 Last updated: 2023-04-27Bibliographically approved
Sánchez-García, L., Averfalk, H., Persson, U. & Werner, S. (2021). A Closer Look at the Effective Width for District Heating Systems. In: Henrik Lund; Brian Vad Mathiesen; Poul Alberg Østergaard; Hans Jørgen Brodersen (Ed.), Book of Abstracts: 7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems. Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, Copenhagen, Denmark, 21-22 September 2022 (pp. 153-153). Aalborg: Aalborg Universitetsforlag
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Closer Look at the Effective Width for District Heating Systems
2021 (English)In: Book of Abstracts: 7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems / [ed] Henrik Lund; Brian Vad Mathiesen; Poul Alberg Østergaard; Hans Jørgen Brodersen, Aalborg: Aalborg Universitetsforlag, 2021, p. 153-153Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

District heating is an important technology for decarbonizing the heating supply in urban areas since it enables the recovery of waste heat that would otherwise be wasted and the cost-effective utilization of renewable heat. Nonetheless, the current general extent of these systems in Europe is very low, hence the need for simple methods and parameters to estimate their cost and feasibility on a large scale. One of these cost parameters is the Effective Width, which enables a first order approximation of the total pipe length in a given area. This concept, in conjunction with the average pipe diameter in the area, permits the determination of the network’s capital cost. However, previous research of Effective Width has relied on a small set of cases and has not contemplated service pipes. Therefore, there is need for a closer look and a deeper understanding of the underlying phenomena that influences this parameter. This study has analysed several Scandinavian District Heating Systems in detail and provides new evidence on the relation between Effective Width and the urban environment for both distribution and service pipes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Aalborg: Aalborg Universitetsforlag, 2021
Keywords
Effective Width, Plot Ratio, Distribution Capital Cost, Heat Density, District Heating, GIS
National Category
Energy Engineering Energy Systems Remote Sensing
Research subject
Smart Cities and Communities
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-48176 (URN)
Conference
7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, Copenhagen, Denmark, 21-22 September 2022
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 846463
Available from: 2022-09-29 Created: 2022-09-29 Last updated: 2023-03-21Bibliographically approved
Averfalk, H., Möllerström, E. & Ottermo, F. (2021). Domestic hot water design and flow measurements. Paper presented at The 17th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Nottingham Trent University, 17th DHC Symposium, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 6–9 September, 2021. Energy Reports, 7(Suppl. 4), 304-310
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Domestic hot water design and flow measurements
2021 (English)In: Energy Reports, E-ISSN 2352-4847, Vol. 7, no Suppl. 4, p. 304-310Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this study, the sizing of primary side components for preparation of domestic hot water are analysed, both qualitatively and based on measurements of domestic hot water demand in one multi-family building with 268 apartments. The collected data spans a period of 18 days during the end of 2020 and is collected in 15-min, 1-min, and 6-s intervals. An overview of the historic development for the design of domestic hot water flow in Sweden is also presented. There is a long-standing argument in Sweden, that the current district heating guidelines result in an overdesign of the flow for domestic hot water. The consequence of this is oversizing heat exchangers and valves in the substations. This study assesses, qualitatively, the issues related to overdesigned primary side valves for preparation of domestic hot water. A revised design for domestic hot water flow for the Swedish context is also conceptualised. The study suggests that an improved design flow for domestic hot water in multi-family buildings can be derived based on empirical measurements. The 15-min intervals are observed to tone down information of peaks to a degree where it is unsuitable to use as basis for a new design flow. The 1-min data does appear to preserve information to a degree where it can be used to assess a design flow when related to data with a 6-s interval. The 6-s data is expected to constitute a resolution that may be less available, and in this study, it constitutes a representation of the real domestic hot water demands. However, to find a fitted curve to empirical data, for the design flow based on number of apartments per multi-family building, the population of datasets needs to be increased. © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Domestic hot water, Measurements, Design flow, Multi-family building, District heating
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45807 (URN)10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.142 (DOI)000727834400034 ()2-s2.0-85130310848 (Scopus ID)
Conference
The 17th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Nottingham Trent University, 17th DHC Symposium, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 6–9 September, 2021
Projects
Real domestic hot water flows in multi-family buildings
Note

Funding: Energiforsk (grant no. KVU63022)

Available from: 2021-10-29 Created: 2021-10-29 Last updated: 2022-06-22Bibliographically approved
Projects
Future district heating technology [P41302-1_Energi]; Halmstad UniversityQuantification of synergies between Energy Efficiency first principle and renewable energy systems [846463]; ; Publications
Sánchez-García, L., Averfalk, H., Möllerström, E. & Persson, U. (2023). Understanding effective width for district heating. Energy, 277, Article ID 127427. Wiechers, E., Möller, B. & Persson, U. (2022). Geographic layers that illustrate future energy efficiency potentials: Second set of map layers (future years scenarios for 2030 and 2050): D5.5. ZenodoMöller, B., Wiechers, E., Persson, U., Nielsen, S., Werner, S., Connolly, D., . . . Lund, H. (2022). Peta: the Pan-European Thermal Atlas : version 5.2 : developed as part of the sEEnergies project. Flensburg: Europa-Universität FlensburgSánchez-García, L., Persson, U. & Averfalk, H. (2022). sEEnergies special report: Construction costs of new district heating networks in France. sEEnergiesSánchez-García, L., Averfalk, H. & Persson, U. (2022). sEEnergies special report: Construction costs of new district heating networks in Germany. sEEnergiesMöller, B., Wiechers, E., Sánchez-García, L. & Persson, U. (2022). Spatial models and spatial analytics results: D5.7. ZenodoMöller, B., Wiechers, E. & Persson, U. (2022). Spatial models: Spatially adjusted energy efficiency potentials by sectors for future year scenarios: D5.6. Sánchez-García, L., Averfalk, H., Persson, U. & Werner, S. (2021). A Closer Look at the Effective Width for District Heating Systems. In: Henrik Lund; Brian Vad Mathiesen; Poul Alberg Østergaard; Hans Jørgen Brodersen (Ed.), Book of Abstracts: 7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems. Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, Copenhagen, Denmark, 21-22 September 2022 (pp. 153-153). Aalborg: Aalborg UniversitetsforlagMöller, B., Wiechers, E., Persson, U. & Sánchez-García, L. (2021). An empirical high-resolution geospatial model of future population distribution for assessing heat demands. In: : . Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, 21-22 September, Copenhagen, Denmark. Meunier, S., Protopapadaki, C., Persson, U., Sánchez-García, L., Möller, B., Wiechers, E., . . . Saelens, D. (2021). Cost and capacity analysis for representative EU energy grids depending on decarbonisation scenarios: D4.4. Zenodo
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-2885-0923

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