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Kang, J., Hamidi, O., Vanäs, K., Eidevåg, T., Nilsson, E. & Friel, R. (2025). Effects of Dust and Moisture Surface Contaminants on Automotive Radar Sensor Frequencies. Sensors, 25(7), 1-18, Article ID 2192.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of Dust and Moisture Surface Contaminants on Automotive Radar Sensor Frequencies
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2025 (English)In: Sensors, E-ISSN 1424-8220, Vol. 25, no 7, p. 1-18, article id 2192Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Perception and sensing of the surrounding environment are crucial for ensuring the safety of autonomous driving systems. A key issue is securing sensor reliability from sensors mounted on the vehicle and obtaining accurate raw data. Surface contamination in front of a sensor typically occurs due to adverse weather conditions or particulate matter on the road, which can degrade system reliability depending on sensor placement and surrounding bodywork geometry. Moreover, the moisture content of dust contaminants can cause surface adherence, making it more likely to persist on a vertical sensor surface compared to moisture only. In this work, a 76–81 GHz radar sensor, a 72–82 GHz automotive radome tester, a 60–90 GHz vector network analyzer system, and a 76–81 GHz radar target simulator setup were used in combination with a representative polypropylene plate that was purposefully contaminated with a varying range of water and ISO standard dust combinations; this was used to determine any signal attenuation and subsequent impact on target detection. The results show that the water content in dust contaminants significantly affects radar signal transmission and object detection performance, with higher water content levels causing increased signal attenuation, impacting detection capability across all tested scenarios. © 2025 by the authors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel: MDPI, 2025
Keywords
autonomous vehicles, radar, surface contamination, object detection
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-55913 (URN)10.3390/s25072192 (DOI)001465645300001 ()40218705 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105002280369 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova, 2023-02609
Available from: 2025-04-23 Created: 2025-04-23 Last updated: 2025-06-11Bibliographically approved
Haller, E., Amador Molina, O. & Nilsson, E. (2024). On RadCom channel capacity for V2V applications. In: 2024 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe: . Paper presented at 2024 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe, Bruges, Belgium, September 2–5, 2024 (pp. 385-390). United States: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On RadCom channel capacity for V2V applications
2024 (English)In: 2024 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe, United States: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024, p. 385-390Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The use of Millimiter Wave (mmWave) for communication and sensing purposes is one of the functions powered by Next Generation Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) networks. The arrival of IEEE 802.11bd, which is able to operate in the 60 GHz band, opens the doors of Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) to vehicular networks. Similarly, Radar-based Communication (RadCom) proposes the use of the radar spectrum for communication puproses. In this paper, we perform an analysis of the channel capacity for different configurations of RadCom, showing its potential to offload the V2X spectrum for bumper-to-bumper V2X applications. We finalize with a discussion on the potential for ISAC from both the 802.11bd and RadCom approaches. ©2024 IEEE.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
United States: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
Channel capacity, Integrated Sensing and Communication, MIMO Radar, Vehicle-to-vehicle communication, Vehicular ad hoc networks
National Category
Telecommunications
Research subject
Smart Cities and Communities
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-54811 (URN)10.1109/EMCEurope59828.2024.10722065 (DOI)2-s2.0-85212185779& (Scopus ID)979-8-3503-0734-4 (ISBN)
Conference
2024 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe, Bruges, Belgium, September 2–5, 2024
Projects
Human Factors, Risks and Optimal Performance in Cooperative, Connected and Automated MobilityVinnova 2021-02568
Funder
Vinnova, 2021-02568
Available from: 2024-10-29 Created: 2024-10-29 Last updated: 2025-01-29Bibliographically approved
Iqbal, A., Al-Hasan, M., Mabrouk, I. B., Andreasson, P., Nilsson, E., Smida, A. & Denidni, T. A. (2024). SIW-based frequency-adjustable antenna for IoT-based duplex wireless devices. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 173, Article ID 155019.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>SIW-based frequency-adjustable antenna for IoT-based duplex wireless devices
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2024 (English)In: AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, ISSN 1434-8411, E-ISSN 1618-0399, Vol. 173, article id 155019Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper proposes a compact and frequency-adjustable/reconfigurable dielectric (DR)-loaded eighth-mode substrate integrated waveguide (EMSIW) antenna for duplex wireless communications. The miniaturization of the resonators is realized using a rectangular slot and high isolation is achieved by keeping a reasonable space between them. The proposed design is simulated using a three-dimensional (3D) full-wave simulator, then analysed with a circuit model and finally validated experimentally. Frequency-reconfigurability in the suggested antenna is achieved by placing DRs with different permittivities in the designated holes that are realized in the open-ended portion of each resonator. Consequently, the lower- and high-resonant bands can be reconfigured from 4.70 to 5.23 GHz and from 5.55 to 6.34 GHz, respectively. It is worth mentioning that both resonant band can be independently reconfigured. Moreover, the inter-resonator coupling is always lower than −23.5 dB in the bands of interest. Furthermore, the peak realized gains are always greater than 4.7 dBi in the lower frequency band and 5.5 dBi in the higher one. The suggested antenna has stable radiation properties in both bands in all frequency ranges. Hence, this design is suitable for compact reconfigurable devices due to its compactness, large frequency ranges, stable radiation patterns, and high isolation. © 2023 Elsevier GmbH

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
München: Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Dielectric rod, Duplex antenna, EMSIW antenna, WLAN band
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-52172 (URN)10.1016/j.aeue.2023.155019 (DOI)001118353100001 ()2-s2.0-85177200335 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding: The Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University for supporting this work under Project number R-2023-791.

Available from: 2023-12-01 Created: 2023-12-01 Last updated: 2024-01-17Bibliographically approved
Guarese, R., Andreasson, P., Nilsson, E. & Maciel, A. (2021). Augmented situated visualization methods towards electromagnetic compatibility testing. Computers & graphics, 94, 1-10
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Augmented situated visualization methods towards electromagnetic compatibility testing
2021 (English)In: Computers & graphics, ISSN 0097-8493, E-ISSN 1873-7684, Vol. 94, p. 1-10Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In electrical engineering, hardware experts often need to analyze electromagnetic radiation data to detect any external interference or anomaly. The field that studies this sort of assessment is called electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). As a way to support EMC analysis, we propose the use of Augmented Situated Visualization (ASV) to supply professionals with visual and interactive information that helps them to comprehend that data, however situating it where it is most relevant in its spatial context. Users are able to interact with the visualization by changing the attributes being displayed, comparing the overlaps of multiple fields, and extracting data, as a way to refine their search. The solutions being proposed in this work were tested against each other in comparable 2D and 3D interactive visualizations of the same data in a series of data-extraction assessments with users, as a means to validate the approaches. Results exposed a correctness-time trade-off between the interaction methods. The hand-based techniques (Hand Slider and Touch Lens) were the least error-prone, being near to half as error-inducing as the gaze-based method. Touch Lens also performed as the least time-consuming method, taking in average less than half of the average time required by the others. For the visualization methods tested, the 2D ray casts presented a higher usability score and lesser workload index than the 3D topology view, however exposing over two times the error ratio. Ultimately, this work exposes how AR can help users to have better performances in a decision-making context, particularly in EMC related tasks, while also furthering the research in the ASV field. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford: Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Augmented reality, Visualization, 3D interaction, Situated analytics, Electromagnetic compatibility
National Category
Embedded Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43698 (URN)10.1016/j.cag.2020.10.001 (DOI)2-s2.0-85093689729 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding: This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, partly by Fapergs-Brazil PqG2017 Project CHIHC, and also partly by the Swedish Council for Higher Education (UHR).

We also acknowledge the support from CNPq-Brazil 311353/2017-7, and a Linnaeus-Palme grant within the partnership (3.3.1.34.11116-2019) between the School of Information Technology at Halmstad University and the Institute of Informatics at UFRGS for their financial support.

Available from: 2020-12-14 Created: 2020-12-14 Last updated: 2021-04-13Bibliographically approved
Aydogdu, C., Keskin, M. F., Carvajal, G. K., Eriksson, O., Hellsten, H., Herbertsson, H., . . . Wymeersch, H. (2021). Radar Interference Mitigation through Active Coordination. In: 2021 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf21): . Paper presented at 2021 IEEE Radar Conference, RadarConf 2021, Atlanta, USA, 08-14/05, 2021 (pp. 1-6). IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Radar Interference Mitigation through Active Coordination
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2021 (English)In: 2021 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf21), IEEE, 2021, p. 1-6Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Intelligent transportation is heavily reliant on radar, which have unique robustness under heavy rain/fog/snow and poor light conditions. With the rapid increase of the number of radars used on modern vehicles, most operating in the same frequency band, the risk of radar interference becomes an important issue. As in radio communication, interference can be mitigated through coordination. We present and evaluate two approaches for radar interference coordination, one for FMCW and one for OFDM, and highlight their challenges and opportunities. © 2021 IEEE.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2021
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-46085 (URN)10.1109/RadarConf2147009.2021.9455180 (DOI)000687846300045 ()2-s2.0-85112461816 (Scopus ID)978-1-7281-7609-3 (ISBN)978-1-7281-7610-9 (ISBN)
Conference
2021 IEEE Radar Conference, RadarConf 2021, Atlanta, USA, 08-14/05, 2021
Funder
Vinnova, 2018-01929
Available from: 2021-12-13 Created: 2021-12-13 Last updated: 2023-10-05Bibliographically approved
Guarese, R., Nilsson, E., Andreasson, B. P. & MacIel, A. (2020). A proposal for augmented situated visualization towards EMC testing. In: Moser T.; Bruckner F. (Ed.), CEUR Workshop Proceedings: . Paper presented at 2020 XChange Reality!, XCR 2020, 27-30/04, St. Polten, aut, 2020 (pp. 12-15). CEUR-WS, 2618
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A proposal for augmented situated visualization towards EMC testing
2020 (English)In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings / [ed] Moser T.; Bruckner F., CEUR-WS , 2020, Vol. 2618, p. 12-15Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Copyright © 2020 for this paper by its authors.In EMC testing, 3D electromagnetic field data often needs to be visually analysed by an expert in order to detect product defects or unwanted interference between multiple devices. In this sense, the present work proposes the use of data visualization techniques allied to an Augmented Reality user interface to provide information that helps professionals to analyse the same data, however spatially situated where it was first measured. Apart from visualizing it, users may also interact with the data to narrow down their search by switching the attributes being displayed, combining them together, applying filters or changing the formatting in which data is presented. The approaches being proposed in this work will ultimately be tested against each other in comparable 2D and 3D interactive visualizations of the same data in a series of usability assessments with users to validate the solutions. The goal is to ultimately expose whether AR can help users to make more accurate decisions, particularly in EMC related tasks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
CEUR-WS, 2020
Series
CEUR Workshop Proceedings, ISSN 1613-0073 ; 2618
Keywords
Human-centered computing - Visualization - Visualization design and evaluation methods, Human-centered computing - Visualization - Visualization techniques - Treemaps
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44698 (URN)2-s2.0-85087841200 (Scopus ID)
Conference
2020 XChange Reality!, XCR 2020, 27-30/04, St. Polten, aut, 2020
Available from: 2021-06-14 Created: 2021-06-14 Last updated: 2021-06-14Bibliographically approved
Carvajal, G. K., Keskin, M. F., Aydogdu, C., Eriksson, O., Herbertsson, H., Hellsten, H., . . . Wymeersch, H. (2020). Comparison of Automotive FMCW and OFDM Radar Under Interference. In: 2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20): . Paper presented at 2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20), Florence, Italy, 21-25 Sept., 2020 (pp. 1-6). New York, NY: IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparison of Automotive FMCW and OFDM Radar Under Interference
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2020 (English)In: 2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20), New York, NY: IEEE, 2020, p. 1-6Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Automotive radars are subject to interference in spectrally congested environments. To mitigate this interference, various waveforms have been proposed. We compare two waveforms (FMCW and OFDM) in terms of their radar performance and robustness to interference, under similar parameter settings. Our results indicate that under proper windowing both waveforms can achieve similar performance, but OFDM is more sensitive to interference. ©2020 IEEE

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
New York, NY: IEEE, 2020
Series
The proceedings of the ... IEEE National Radar Conference, ISSN 1097-5659, E-ISSN 2375-5318
National Category
Embedded Systems Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43700 (URN)10.1109/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266449 (DOI)2-s2.0-85098594714 (Scopus ID)978-1-7281-8942-0 (ISBN)978-1-7281-8943-7 (ISBN)
Conference
2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20), Florence, Italy, 21-25 Sept., 2020
Funder
Vinnova, 2018-01929
Available from: 2020-12-14 Created: 2020-12-14 Last updated: 2021-07-06Bibliographically approved
Hellsten, H. & Nilsson, E. (2020). Multiple Access Radar Using Slow Chirp Modulation. In: 2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20): . Paper presented at 2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20), Florence, Italy, 21-25 Sept., 2020 (pp. 1-6). New York, NY: IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multiple Access Radar Using Slow Chirp Modulation
2020 (English)In: 2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20), New York, NY: IEEE, 2020, p. 1-6Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The cohabitation of several radars, operating in the same frequency band, has become an essential and urgent topic as active safety systems for automotive applications are rolled out. An obvious concern is that mutual interference must be managed. Separating users in time, i.e. TDMA, achieves the required level of isolation in a straightforward way. CDMA techniques providing sufficient channel isolation are less obvious. The paper develops an alternative CDMA method, called Slow Chirp Modulation (SCM). SCM utilizes the full coherent integration time for transmission of a single aperiodic but ergodic signal, allowing target range and velocity to be retrieved but minimizing spectral occupancy. Spectral efficiency two orders of magnitude higher than for the discussed alternative methods is obtained, allowing more than a thousand non-interfering channels. Relying on indicated hardware schematics, the paper demonstrates the functionality of the novel signal processing algorithms, which are required for SCM. ©2020 IEEE

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
New York, NY: IEEE, 2020
Series
The proceedings of the ... IEEE National Radar Conference, ISSN 1097-5659, E-ISSN 2375-5318
Keywords
Radar signal processing, Chirp, Frequency modulation, OFDM, Automotive electronics
National Category
Embedded Systems Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43699 (URN)10.1109/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266520 (DOI)978-1-7281-8942-0 (ISBN)978-1-7281-8943-7 (ISBN)
Conference
2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20), Florence, Italy, 21-25 Sept., 2020
Funder
Vinnova, 2018-01929
Available from: 2020-12-14 Created: 2020-12-14 Last updated: 2020-12-14Bibliographically approved
Aydogdu, C., Keskin, M. F., Carvajal, G. K., Eriksson, O., Hellsten, H., Herbertsson, H., . . . Wymeersch, H. (2020). Radar Interference Mitigation for Automated Driving: Exploring Proactive Strategies. IEEE signal processing magazine (Print), 37(4), 72-84, Article ID 9127843.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Radar Interference Mitigation for Automated Driving: Exploring Proactive Strategies
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2020 (English)In: IEEE signal processing magazine (Print), ISSN 1053-5888, E-ISSN 1558-0792, Vol. 37, no 4, p. 72-84, article id 9127843Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Autonomous driving relies on a variety of sensors, especially radars, which have unique robustness under heavy rain/fog/snow and poor light conditions. With the rapid increase of the amount of radars used on modern vehicles, where most radars operate in the same frequency band, the risk of radar interference becomes a compelling issue. This article analyzes automotive radar interference and proposes several new approaches that combine industrial and academic expertise toward the goal of achieving interference-free autonomous driving (AD). © IEEE.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Piscataway: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2020
Keywords
Automotive radar, Autonomous vehicles, Radar signal processing, Automated driving, Autonomous driving, Heavy rains, Interference mitigation, Interference-free, Light conditions, New approaches, Radar interference
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43296 (URN)10.1109/MSP.2020.2969319 (DOI)000545430400010 ()2-s2.0-85087917101 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova, 2018-01929
Available from: 2020-10-20 Created: 2020-10-20 Last updated: 2020-10-20Bibliographically approved
Friel, R., Gerling-Gedin, M., Nilsson, E. & Andreasson, B. P. (2019). 3D Printed Radar Lenses with Anti-Reflective Structures. Designs, 3(2), Article ID 28.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>3D Printed Radar Lenses with Anti-Reflective Structures
2019 (English)In: Designs, E-ISSN 2411-9660, Vol. 3, no 2, article id 28Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine if 3D printed lenses with wavelength specific anti-reflective (AR) surface structures would improve beam intensity and thus radar efficiency for a Printed Circuit Board (PCB)-based 60 GHz radar. This would have potential for improved low-cost radar lenses for the consumer product market. Methods: A hyperbolic lens was designed in 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) software and was then modified with a wavelength specified AR structure. Electromagnetic computer simulation was performed on both the ‘smooth’ and ‘AR structure’ lenses and compared to actual 60 GHz radar measurements of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) lenses. Results: The simulation results showed an increase of 10% in signal intensity of the AR structure lens over the smooth lens. Actual measurement showed an 8% increase in signal of the AR structure lens over the smooth lens. Conclusions: Low cost and readily available Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printing has been shown to be capable of printing an AR structure coated hyperbolic lens for millimeter wavelength radar applications. These 3D Printed AR structure lenses are effective in improving radar measurements over non-AR structure lenses. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel: MDPI, 2019
Keywords
radar, 3D printing, lenses, anti-reflective coatings, millimeter wave radar, simulation, additive manufacturing, quasi-optics
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39695 (URN)10.3390/designs3020028 (DOI)2-s2.0-85087497229 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 2016/0303
Available from: 2019-06-11 Created: 2019-06-11 Last updated: 2021-06-03Bibliographically approved
Projects
Cohabitant Radars [2016-03940_Vinnova]; Halmstad University
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-2783-7460

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