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Martens, M., Karlsson, N., Ehde, P. M., Mattsson, M. & Weisner, S. (2021). The greenhouse gas emission effects of rewetting drained peatlands and growing wetland plants for biogas fuel production. Journal of Environmental Management, 277, Article ID 111391.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The greenhouse gas emission effects of rewetting drained peatlands and growing wetland plants for biogas fuel production
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Environmental Management, ISSN 0301-4797, E-ISSN 1095-8630, Vol. 277, article id 111391Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are receiving increased attention among governmental and commercial actors. In recent years, the interest in paludiculture, i.e. the use of rewetted peatlands, has grown because of its potential to reduce GHG emissions by stopping soil decomposition. Moreover, cultivating wetland plants on rewetted peatlands for  bioenergy production that replaces fossil fuels in the transport sector, can contribute to additional GHG emission reductions. In this study, an analysis of literature data was conducted to obtain data on GHG emissions (CO2 and CH4) and biomass production from rewetted peatlands cultivated with two different wetland plant species: Phragmites australis (Pa) and Typha latifolia (Tl). In  addition, a  biogas experiment was carried out to investigate the biomethane yield of Pa and Tl biomass, and the reduction of global warming potential (GWP) by using biomethane as vehicle fuel. The results show that peatland rewetting can be an important measure to mitigate the GWP as it reduces GHG emissions from the soil, particularly on a 100-year timescale but also to some extent on a 20-year timescale. More specifically, rewetting of 1 km2 of peatland can result in  a  GWP reduction corresponding to  the  emissions from ±2600 average sized petrol cars annually. Growing Pa on rewetted peatlands reduces soil GHG emissions more than growing Tl, but Pa and Tl produced similar amounts of biomass and biomethane per land area. Our study concludes that Pa, because of a more pronounced GWP reduction, is the most suitable wetland plant to cultivate after peatland rewetting. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Paludiculture, Greenhouse gas emissions, Peatland, Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, Biomethane
National Category
Environmental Sciences Climate Research
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43340 (URN)10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111391 (DOI)000593974400009 ()33049611 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85092313103 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 155-2014-1745
Available from: 2020-10-26 Created: 2020-10-26 Last updated: 2021-01-20Bibliographically approved
Eller, F., Ehde, P. M., Oehmke, C., Ren, L., Brix, H., Sorell, B. K. & Weisner, S. (2020). Biomethane yield from different European Phragmites australis genotypes, compared with other herbaceous wetland species grown at different fertilization regimes. Resources, 9(5), Article ID 57.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biomethane yield from different European Phragmites australis genotypes, compared with other herbaceous wetland species grown at different fertilization regimes
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2020 (English)In: Resources, ISSN 2079-9276, Vol. 9, no 5, article id 57Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, T. angustifolia and Arundo donax are tall wetland graminoids with the potential to replace fossil fuels under sustainable cultivation conditions. We investigated the biomethane (CH4) production of these four species, including four different genotypes of P. australis, which represent the high intraspecific diversity of European reed. All plants were grown under three different macronutrient supplies (no nutrients added, an equivalent of 75 kg N ha−1 year−1 added and an equivalent of 500 kg N ha−1 year−1 added). Biomethane production was measured in four independent batch digestion tests. Across all experiments, fertilization regime had little effect on CH4 yield, which was on average 222 ± 31 L kg−1 volatile solids (VS). The lowest yield was produced by T. angustifolia (140 L kgVS−1) receiving no nutrients, while the highest yield was produced by A. donax (305 L kgVS−1) in the highest nutrient treatment. The intraspecific diversity of P. australis did not affect biomethane production. All P. australis genotypes produced on average 226 ± 19 L CH4 kgVS−1, which, although high, was still lower than conventional biogas species. The biomass production of P. australis was less increased by fertilization than that of Typha sp. and A. donax, but all species had similar biomass without fertilization.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel: MDPI, 2020
Keywords
Arundo donax, biogas, paludiculture, pretreatment, sustainable agriculture Typha angustifolia, Typha latifolia
National Category
Bioenergy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42055 (URN)10.3390/resources9050057 (DOI)000541018000009 ()2-s2.0-85085639743 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 155-2014-1745
Note

This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Innovative Utilization of Common Reed (Phragmites Australis) in the Bioeconomy.'

Other funders: FACCE-JPI ERA-NET Plus on Climate Smart Agriculture (project CINDERELLA), the Carlsberg Foundation, grant number CF15-0330, the German Federal Minister of Education and Research under Project Number 031A545.

Available from: 2020-05-15 Created: 2020-05-15 Last updated: 2021-10-20Bibliographically approved
Nilsson, J. E., Liess, A., Ehde, P. M. & Weisner, S. E. .. (2020). Mature wetland ecosystems remove nitrogen equally well regardless of initial planting. Science of the Total Environment, 716, Article ID 137002.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mature wetland ecosystems remove nitrogen equally well regardless of initial planting
2020 (English)In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 716, article id 137002Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Restored and constructed semi-natural wetlands are increasingly used in the agricultural landscape to intercept nutrients from surface waters. Vegetated surface-flow wetlands remove more nitrogen (N) than those without vegetation. However, changes in N removal over time as differently vegetated wetlands progress from early successional stages to mature systems are less investigated. We monitored three different types of initial planting over the course of 12 years, with the aim to examine how planting of newly constructed wetlands affects long-term N removal. All our data were collected in an experimental wetland facility in south-western Sweden. The facility consists of 18 identical small (ca. 25 m2) surface-flow wetlands, simulating semi-natural wetlands in an agricultural landscape. Initially, the 18 wetlands were randomly divided into three treatments (vegetation types) with six replicates each and planted with (1) emergent vegetation, (2) submerged vegetation and (3) no vegetation for free development. Vegetation succession afterwards progressed uninhibited in all wetlands. Emergent vegetation wetlands initially removed more N than both submerged vegetation and free development wetlands. We found that N removal in submerged vegetation and free development wetlands increased with ecosystem age, whereas N removal in emergent vegetation wetlands did not. N removal in all three vegetation types converged when the wetlands reached a more mature state, around 8 years after wetland construction. However, although all wetlands contained emergent vegetation in year 8, the proportion of emergent vegetation cover and vegetation composition still differed substantially between wetland types. Our study indicates that it is not the cover of emergent vegetation per se which promotes higher N removal in more mature wetlands, but the maturation process itself; mature wetlands despite differing emergent vegetation coverage achieved equally high N removal. In conclusion, once wetlands reach maturity, beneficial effects of initial planting on N removal disappear. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Created wetland, Nitrogen removal, Nutrient retention, Phragmites australis, Long-term study, Denitrification
National Category
Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-41721 (URN)10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137002 (DOI)000519987300099 ()32036131 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85078896215 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council FormasMistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research
Note

Other funding: Halmstad University

Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2021-10-25Bibliographically approved
Song, X., Ehde, P. M. & Weisner, S. (2019). Effects of Water Depth and Phosphorus Availability on Nitrogen Removal in Agricultural Wetlands. Water, 11(12), Article ID 2626.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of Water Depth and Phosphorus Availability on Nitrogen Removal in Agricultural Wetlands
2019 (English)In: Water, E-ISSN 2073-4441, Vol. 11, no 12, article id 2626Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Excess nitrogen (N) from agricultural runoff is a cause of pollution inaquatic ecosystems. Created free water surface (FWS) wetlands can be used as buffering systems to lower the impacts of nutrients from agricultural runoff. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate critical factors for N removal in FWSwetlands receiving high nitrate (NO3) loads from agriculture. The study was performed in 12 experimental FWS wetlands in southern Sweden, receiving drainage water from an agricultural field area. The effects of water depth (mean depth of 0.4 m and 0.6 m, respectively) and phosphorus (P) availability (with or without additional P load) were investigated from July to October. The experiment was performed in a two-way design, with three wetlands of each combination of depth and P availability. The effects of P availability on the removal of NO3 and total N were strongly significant, with higher absolute N removal rates per wetland area (g m−2 day−1) as well as temperature-adjusted first-order area-based removal rate coefficients (Kat) in wetlands with external P addition compared to wetlands with no addition. Further, higher N removal in deep compared to shallow wetlands was indicated by statistically significant differences in Kat. The results show that low P availability may limit N removal in wetlands receiving agricultural drainage water. Furthermore, the results support that not only wetland area but also wetland volume may be important for N removal. The results have implications for the planning, location, and design of created wetlands in agricultural areas. © 2019 by the authors

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel: MDPI, 2019
Keywords
free water surface wetlands, agricultural runoff, nitrogen removal, water depth, phosphorus
National Category
Water Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-41208 (URN)10.3390/w11122626 (DOI)000507378600198 ()2-s2.0-85079610843 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2019-12-10 Created: 2019-12-10 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved
Nilsson, J. E., Liess, A., Ehde, P. M. & Weisner, S. (2019). Will planting of surface-flow wetlands improve nitrogen removal in the long run?. In: Carlos A. Arias, Carlos A. Ramírez-Vargas, Lorena Peñacoba-Antona & Hans Brix (Ed.), Book of Abstracts: 8th International Symposium on Wetland Pollutant Dynamics and Control. 17 – 21 June, 2019. Aarhus University, Denmark. Paper presented at 8th International Symposium on Wetland Pollutant Dynamics and Control, Wetpol 2019, Aarhus, Denmark, June 17-21, 2019 (pp. 340-340). Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Will planting of surface-flow wetlands improve nitrogen removal in the long run?
2019 (English)In: Book of Abstracts: 8th International Symposium on Wetland Pollutant Dynamics and Control. 17 – 21 June, 2019. Aarhus University, Denmark / [ed] Carlos A. Arias, Carlos A. Ramírez-Vargas, Lorena Peñacoba-Antona & Hans Brix, Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2019, p. 340-340Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Initial planting of created wetlands is common practice in order to, for instance, improve nitrogen (N) removal. It has been shown that vegetated surface-flow wetlands remove more N than non-vegetated surface-flow wetlands. However, changes in N removal as differently vegetated wetlands progress from an early successional stage to a mature system are less investigated.

In our study, we followed three different wetland types of initial planting over the course of 12 years, with the aim to examine how planting of newly created wetlands affects long-term N removal. All our data were collected in the experimental wetland facility near Halmstad in south-western Sweden. The facility consist of 18 small (ca. 25 m2) surface-flow wetlands, equal in age, shape and size. At the time of creation, the 18 wetlands were randomly divided into three types. One type was then planted with emergent vegetation, one was planted with submerged vegetation and the last type was left unplanted for free development. Succession of vegetation was thereafter allowed to progress uninhibited in all wetlands.

Our results confirmed that emergent vegetation wetlands initially removed more N than submerged vegetation and free development wetlands. In addition, our results showed that N removal in submerged vegetation and free development wetlands increased with ecosystem age, whereas N removal in emergent vegetation wetlands did not. N removal in all three wetland vegetation types converged when the wetlands reached a more mature state, around year 9 after wetland creation. However, although all wetlands contained emergent vegetation in year 9, proportion cover of emergent vegetation and vegetation composition still differed substantially between wetland types.

We therefore conclude planting of created surface-flow wetlands with emergent vegetation will have a positive effect on N removal, but only during an early successional stage. Our study indicates it is not the emergent vegetation per se which results in higher N removal in more mature wetlands, but the maturation process in itself, since mature wetlands with different emergent vegetation cover achieved similar N removal. Initial planting will not result in higher N removal once the system has reached maturity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2019
National Category
Physical Geography
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-41116 (URN)978-87-971486-0-0 (ISBN)978-87-971486-1-7 (ISBN)
Conference
8th International Symposium on Wetland Pollutant Dynamics and Control, Wetpol 2019, Aarhus, Denmark, June 17-21, 2019
Available from: 2019-12-04 Created: 2019-12-04 Last updated: 2019-12-17Bibliographically approved
Bodin, H., Ehde, P. M. & Weisner, S. (2018). Attenuation of Pharmaceutical Substances: Phytoremediation using Constructed Wetlands. In: 13th Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS) Europe Chapter Meeting: Management of Wetland Ecosystem Services: Issues, Challenges and Solutions. Paper presented at 13th SWS Europe Chapter Meeting, Ohrid, Macedonia, April 30-May 4, 2018 (pp. 19-22).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Attenuation of Pharmaceutical Substances: Phytoremediation using Constructed Wetlands
2018 (English)In: 13th Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS) Europe Chapter Meeting: Management of Wetland Ecosystem Services: Issues, Challenges and Solutions, 2018, p. 19-22Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Introduction: Currently, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) do not efficiently remove pharmaceutical substances (PS). Thus, such substances are now frequently found in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Also, concentrations of some PS in treated effluents exceed Environmental Quality Standards proposed by EU legislation. One resource-efficient option for increasing PS removal in WWTP effluents is to use constructed wetlands (CWs) as an attenuation step (Breitholtz et al. 2012; Li et al. 2014). However, very little research has been done on how to maximize the PS attenuation capacity of CWs. Therefore, a project with the aim to investigate reduction of different pharmaceutical substances in CWs with different vegetation compositions and water depths, was performed at the Experimental Wetland Area (EVA) located 20 km north of Halmstad, Sweden. 

National Category
Water Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-38046 (URN)
Conference
13th SWS Europe Chapter Meeting, Ohrid, Macedonia, April 30-May 4, 2018
Funder
The Crafoord Foundation, 20140950Magnus Bergvall Foundation, 2015-00818
Note

This work was financially supported by the Crafoord Foundation [grant number 20140950], The Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry [grant number H14-0049-CFH and H14-0049-AKF] and Magnus Bergvalls Foundation [grant number 2015-00818].

Available from: 2018-09-24 Created: 2018-09-24 Last updated: 2018-09-26Bibliographically approved
Johannesson, K. M., Tonderski, K. S., Ehde, P. M. & Weisner, S. E. B. (2017). Temporal phosphorus dynamics affecting retention estimates in agricultural constructed wetlands. Ecological Engineering: The Journal of Ecotechnology, 103(Part B), 436-445
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Temporal phosphorus dynamics affecting retention estimates in agricultural constructed wetlands
2017 (English)In: Ecological Engineering: The Journal of Ecotechnology, ISSN 0925-8574, E-ISSN 1872-6992, Vol. 103, no Part B, p. 436-445Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Data from seven constructed wetlands (CWs) in the south of Sweden were analyzed to investigate the effects of water flow and season on inflow phosphorus (P) concentrations and temporal P retention variations in CWs receiving runoff from arable land. The form of P (dissolved or particulate) during different water flows (high and low) and seasons (warm and cold) was investigated using the results of total P (TP) and phosphate analyzed in grab samples that had been collected regularly or occasionally during two to nine years, along with continuous water flow measurements.

The form of inflow and outflow P (particulate or dissolved P) differed between CWs, and also varied with season and flow. For instance, in three of the CWs, particulate P (PP) dominated the inflow during the cold period with high flow, while during the other periods the proportion of PP was approximately 50%. In one CW situated in a catchment with high clay content, PP dominated both inflow and outflow at all times. The average clay content in catchment top soils was positively correlated to the flow-weighted inflow TP concentrations.

In three CWs receiving runoff through drainage pipes, the relationship between TP concentrations (TPin) and water flow was positive, both during high and low flow, and during warm and cold period. However, in four CWs that received surface water runoff, the relationship between TPin and water flow was positive during high flow periods (i.e. the 25% sampling occasions with the highest flow), and during low flow and warm period, the relationship was negative in these four wetlands, indicating either anoxic stagnant water upstream or influence from rural wastewater.

The temporal dynamics of P concentrations mean that in some of the CWs, the main part of the annual P retention may occur during a few days with high water flows. The correlation between concentration and water flow suggests that the water sampling strategy may have a considerable impact on retention estimates, as exemplified by some calculation examples. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2017
Keywords
Constructed wetlands, Agricultural catchments, Flow–concentration relationships, Phosphorus retention estimates, Sampling strategy
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33874 (URN)10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.050 (DOI)000402830800014 ()2-s2.0-84949654372 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council FormasMistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research
Note

Additional financiers: Federation of Swedish Farmers (LRF), Bertebos foundation & Sparbanksstiftelsen Kronan

Available from: 2017-05-22 Created: 2017-05-22 Last updated: 2018-03-23Bibliographically approved
Weisner, S., Johannesson, K., Thiere, G., Svengren, H., Ehde, P. M. & Tonderski, K. S. (2016). National Large-Scale Wetland Creation in Agricultural Areas—Potential versus Realized Effects on Nutrient Transports. Water, 8(11), Article ID 544.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>National Large-Scale Wetland Creation in Agricultural Areas—Potential versus Realized Effects on Nutrient Transports
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2016 (English)In: Water, E-ISSN 2073-4441, Vol. 8, no 11, article id 544Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

During 2007–2013, the Swedish Board of Agriculture granted support within a national program to about 1000 wetlands, corresponding to a 5300-hectare wetland area, with the dual goal to remove nutrients from water and to improve biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects on nutrient transports that are realized within the national program to what could be obtained with the same area of wetlands if location and design of wetlands were optimized. In single, highly nutrient-loaded wetlands, a removal of around 1000 kg nitrogen and 100 kg phosphorus per hectare wetland area and year was estimated from monitoring data. Statistical models were developed to estimate the overall nutrient removal effects of wetlands created within the national program. Depending on model, the effect of the national program as a whole was estimated to between 27 and 38 kg nitrogen and between 2.7 and 4.5 kg phosphorus per hectare created wetland area and year. Comparison of what is achieved in individual wetlands to what was achieved in the national program indicates that nutrient removal effects could be increased substantially in future wetland programs by emphasising location and design of wetlands.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel: MDPI, 2016
Keywords
constructed wetlands, nitrogen, phosphorus, removal, retention, catchments
National Category
Water Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-32483 (URN)10.3390/w8110544 (DOI)000389660700067 ()2-s2.0-85003678467 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2016-11-24 Created: 2016-11-24 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved
Berglund, B., Khan, G. A., Weisner, S., Ehde, P. M., Fick, J. & Lindgren, P.-E. (2014). Efficient removal of antibiotics in surface-flow constructed wetlands, with no observed impact on antibiotic resistance genes. Science of the Total Environment, 476-477, 29-37
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Efficient removal of antibiotics in surface-flow constructed wetlands, with no observed impact on antibiotic resistance genes
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2014 (English)In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 476-477, p. 29-37Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Recently, there have been growing concerns about pharmaceuticals including antibiotics as environmental contaminants. Antibiotics of concentrations commonly encountered in wastewater have been suggested to affect bacterial population dynamics and to promote dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Conventional wastewater treatment processes do not always adequately remove pharmaceuticals causing environmental dissemination of low levels of these compounds. Using constructed wetlands as an additional treatment step after sewage treatment plants have been proposed as a cheap alternative to increase reduction of wastewater contaminants, however this means that the natural microbial community of the wetlands becomes exposed to elevated levels of antibiotics. In this study, experimental surface-flow wetlands in Sweden were continuously exposed to antibiotics of concentrations commonly encountered in wastewater. The aim was to assess the antibiotic removal efficiency of constructed wetlands and to evaluate the impact of low levels of antibiotics on bacterial diversity, resistance development and expression in the wetland bacterial community. Antibiotic concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the effect on the bacterial diversity was assessed with 16S rRNA-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Real-time PCR was used to detect and quantify antibiotic resistance genes and integrons in the wetlands, during and after the exposure period. The results indicated that the antibiotic removal efficiency of constructed wetlands was comparable to conventional wastewater treatment schemes. Furthermore, short-term treatment of the constructed wetlands with environmentally relevant concentrations (i.e. 100-2000 ng x 1(-1)) of antibiotics did not significantly affect resistance gene concentrations, suggesting that surface-flow constructed wetlands are well-suited for wastewater treatment purposes. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014
Keywords
Antibiotic resistance genes, Antibiotics, Quantitative real-time PCR, Constructed wetlands
National Category
Other Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-25133 (URN)10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.128 (DOI)000333772500004 ()24448029 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84892640876 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Formas, 210-2006-2132
Note

This project was funded by the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (Formas, contract number 210-2006-2132).

Available from: 2014-04-22 Created: 2014-04-22 Last updated: 2017-12-05Bibliographically approved
Waara, S., Gajewska, M., Dvarioniene, J., Ehde, P. M., Gajewski, R., Grabowski, P., . . . Wojciechowska, E. (2014). Towards Recommendations for Design of Wetlands for Post-Tertiary Treatment of Waste Water in the Baltic Sea Region – Gdańsk Case Study. In: : . Paper presented at Linneaus Eco-Tech '14, Kalmar, Sweden, 24-26 November, 2014.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards Recommendations for Design of Wetlands for Post-Tertiary Treatment of Waste Water in the Baltic Sea Region – Gdańsk Case Study
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2014 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

There are many challenges that need to be addressed if the far reaching objectives on high environmental status as required in the EU Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive will be met in the Baltic Sea Region within the next decade. For wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) this implies, in spite of the many improvements made during the last decade, development and introduction of new technology to further reduce eutrophying compounds, hazardous chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Constructed wetlands when properly designed and operated have been shown to be robust systems with low energy requirements that may not only reduce many types of pollutants but may also provide many additional ecosystem services beyond requirements generally imposed by authorities. For example, they may support and enhance biodiversity and be used to convert brownfield areas in urban landscapes to recreational areas. Reduced cost is possible if treated water is reused in industry or for irrigation. In a project, supported by the Swedish Institute, a group of scientists, a water company and water using industry has together with local authorities through workshops, field studies and literature studies worked on finding a general first recommendation on design and operation. In this paper we will present the scientific rational and legal constraints for the general design and operation of a wetland system for post-tertiary treatment of waste water from WWTPs using Gdańsk as an example. The proposal includes a first part, which mainly will be focusing on pollutant and pathogen removal using particle traps and a HSSF wetland on land owned by the WWTP and a second part consisting of a FWS wetland which, in addition to further polishing the water, will enhance biodiversity and provide recreational areas on derelict land owned by the city.

Keywords
discharge limits, ecosystem services, sustainable cities, treatment wetlands, waste water
National Category
Environmental Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-27377 (URN)10.13140/2.1.1140.5123 (DOI)
Conference
Linneaus Eco-Tech '14, Kalmar, Sweden, 24-26 November, 2014
Projects
WETEFF: Towards recommendation for design, operation and monitoring of constructed wetlands for treatment of effluent from waste water treatment plants in the Baltic Sea Region
Note

Financial support: Swedish Institute

Available from: 2015-01-02 Created: 2015-01-02 Last updated: 2017-03-27Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-4297-8683

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