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Baiocchi, A., Turcanu, I., Lyamin, N., Sjöberg, K. & Vinel, A. (2021). Age of Information in IEEE 802.11p. In: 2021 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM): . Paper presented at IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management, Bordeaux, France (Virtual Conference), 17-21 May, 2021 (pp. 1024-1031). IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Age of Information in IEEE 802.11p
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2021 (English)In: 2021 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM), IEEE, 2021, p. 1024-1031Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication is essential for facilitating connected and automated driving, where vehicles and other road traffic participants share data instantaneously and cooperate to solve tricky traffic situations in milliseconds. This paper proposes two stochastic models for the V2X standard IEEE 802.11p to characterize amongst other things the Age of Information (AoI), a recently-proposed metric that measures the freshness of information. The first model is based on renewal process analysis of a tagged station with mean field approximation, while the second one adopts Markov chain approach with network level view. Analytical results show that IEEE 802.11p, given its adaptability to event-triggered and aperiodic messaging, supports advanced cooperative driving scenarios.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2021
Series
IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management, ISSN 1573-0077
Keywords
Age of Information, MAC Access Delay, CSMA Networks, Vehicular Networks, V2X Communications, Full Connectivity
National Category
Communication Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44029 (URN)978-3-903176-32-4 (ISBN)978-1-7281-9041-9 (ISBN)
Conference
IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management, Bordeaux, France (Virtual Conference), 17-21 May, 2021
Projects
Safety of Connected Intelligent Vehicles in Smart Cities – SafeSmartENabling SafE Multi-Brand pLatooning for Europe – ENSEMBLEFinding a Critical Speed Function Ahead of a Road Section for Vehicles in Motion – CriSpEmergency Vehicle Traffic Light Pre-emption in Cities – EPIC
Funder
Knowledge FoundationSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research EU, Horizon 2020The Research Council of NorwayELLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications
Available from: 2021-03-12 Created: 2021-03-12 Last updated: 2021-08-16Bibliographically approved
Turcanu, I., Baiocchi, A., Lyamin, N. & Vinel, A. (2021). An Age-Of-Information Perspective on Decentralized Congestion Control in Vehicular Networks. In: 2021 19th Mediterranean Communication and Computer Networking Conference (MedComNet): . Paper presented at 2021 19th Mediterranean Communication and Computer Networking Conference (MedComNet), virtually, 15-17 June, 2021. IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An Age-Of-Information Perspective on Decentralized Congestion Control in Vehicular Networks
2021 (English)In: 2021 19th Mediterranean Communication and Computer Networking Conference (MedComNet), IEEE, 2021Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Vehicular networking enables a wide range of emerging Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS) applications, from safety to traffic efficiency and infotainment. Many of these applications depend on the reliability and timeliness of status information periodically exchanged among vehicles on the same wireless communication channel. A major effort has been spent, especially by standardization bodies, to define congestion control algorithms for the vehicular networking environment. The picture is, however, more complex than simply controlling the load level on the channel, given the non-trivial interplay of delivery reliability, system throughput, and timeliness of updates. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive performance evaluation of the main state-of- the-art broadcast rate control algorithms from the point of view of channel load, utilization efficiency, and information freshness. We evaluate these algorithms in a realistic simulation environment and describe a centralized approach to define a bound on the performance. We show that controlling the congestion based on either channel load or information freshness only leads to sub-optimal performance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2021
Keywords
Age of Information, Decentralized Congestion Control, Performance Evaluation, Vehicular Networks
National Category
Communication Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44488 (URN)10.1109/MedComNet52149.2021.9501273 (DOI)000853460200019 ()2-s2.0-85124196142 (Scopus ID)978-1-6654-3590-1 (ISBN)978-1-6654-1177-6 (ISBN)
Conference
2021 19th Mediterranean Communication and Computer Networking Conference (MedComNet), virtually, 15-17 June, 2021
Projects
5G-DRIVE projectSafety of Connected Intelligent Vehicles in Smart Cities – SafeSmartEmergency Vehicle Traffic Light Pre-emption in Cities – EPIC
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 814956Knowledge FoundationVinnovaELLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications
Available from: 2021-05-30 Created: 2021-05-30 Last updated: 2023-10-05Bibliographically approved
Lyamin, N., Bellalta, B. & Vinel, A. (2020). Age-of-Information-Aware Decentralized Congestion Control in VANETs. IEEE Networking Letters, 2(1), 33-37
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Age-of-Information-Aware Decentralized Congestion Control in VANETs
2020 (English)In: IEEE Networking Letters, E-ISSN 2576-3156, Vol. 2, no 1, p. 33-37Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Decentralized Congestion Control (DCC) is one the central components of inter-vehicular communications protocol stack enabling Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS). In this letter we first present an analytical framework that allows to tune parameters of the DCC algorithm specified by ETSI. Then we suggest two approaches to optimize the DCC configuration using our framework. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the proposed approaches using detailed simulation experiments. We demonstrate that proposed approaches are able to control channel busy ratio stably, while proposed analytical model precisely estimates application level metrics. © 2019 IEEE

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2020
Keywords
C-ITS, VANET, V2X, DCC, ETSI, platooning, congestion control
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-38761 (URN)10.1109/LNET.2020.2970695 (DOI)
Available from: 2019-01-16 Created: 2019-01-16 Last updated: 2020-03-23Bibliographically approved
Evdokimova, E., Vinel, A., Lyamin, N. & Fiems, D. (2020). Internet Provisioning in VANETs: Performance Modeling of Drive-Thru Scenarios. IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print), 21(7), 2801-2815, Article ID 8728183.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Internet Provisioning in VANETs: Performance Modeling of Drive-Thru Scenarios
2020 (English)In: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print), ISSN 1524-9050, E-ISSN 1558-0016, Vol. 21, no 7, p. 2801-2815, article id 8728183Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Drive-thru-Internet is a scenario in cooperative intelligent transportation systems (C-ITSs), where a road-side unit (RSU) provides multimedia services to vehicles that pass by. Performance of the drive-thru-Internet depends on various factors, including data traffic intensity, vehicle traffic density, and radio-link quality within the coverage area of the RSU, and must be evaluated at the stage of system design in order to fulfill the quality-of-service requirements of the customers in C-ITS. In this paper, we present an analytical framework that models downlink traffic in a drive-thru-Internet scenario by means of a multidimensional Markov process: the packet arrivals in the RSU buffer constitute Poisson processes and the transmission times are exponentially distributed. Taking into account the state space explosion problem associated with multidimensional Markov processes, we use iterative perturbation techniques to calculate the stationary distribution of the Markov chain. Our numerical results reveal that the proposed approach yields accurate estimates of various performance metrics, such as the mean queue content and the mean packet delay for a wide range of workloads. © 2019 IEEE.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2020
Keywords
Wireless networks, vehicular ad hoc networks, queueing analysis
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39539 (URN)10.1109/TITS.2019.2918075 (DOI)000545516200010 ()2-s2.0-85087619750 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knowledge FoundationEU, Horizon 2020Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research ELLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications
Available from: 2019-06-05 Created: 2019-06-05 Last updated: 2020-08-26Bibliographically approved
Bocharova, I., Kudryashov, B., Rabi, M., Lyamin, N., Dankers, W., Frick, E. & Vinel, A. (2019). Characterizing Packet Losses in Vehicular Networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 68(9), 8347-8358
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Characterizing Packet Losses in Vehicular Networks
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2019 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, ISSN 0018-9545, E-ISSN 1939-9359, Vol. 68, no 9, p. 8347-8358Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To enable testing and performance evaluation of new connected and autonomous driving functions, it is important to characterize packet losses caused by degradation in vehicular (V2X) communication channels. In this paper we suggest an approach to constructing packet loss models based on the socalled Pseudo-Markov chains (PMC). The PMC based model needs only short training sequences, has low computational complexity, and yet provides more precise approximations than known techniques. We show how to learn PMC models from either empirical records of packet receptions, or from analytical models of fluctuations in the received signal strength. In particular, we validate our approach by applying it on (i) V2X packet reception data collected from an active safety test run, which used the LTE network of the AstaZero automotive testing site in Sweden, and (ii) variants of the Rician fading channel models corresponding to two models of correlations of packet losses. We also show that initializing the Baum-Welch algorithm with a second order PMC model leads to a high accuracy model. © 2019 IEEE.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2019
Keywords
Autonomous vehicles, cooperative ITS, VANET, V2X, channel estimation, hidden Markov models, fading channels
National Category
Communication Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40265 (URN)10.1109/TVT.2019.2930689 (DOI)000487191500006 ()2-s2.0-85073793712 (Scopus ID)
Projects
AstaMoCA ”Model-based Communication Architecture for the AstaZero Automotive Safety” project (2017–2019)
Funder
Knowledge FoundationSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research ELLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications
Note

A short version of this paper has been presented at 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) which was held on July 7-12, 2019 in Paris, France.

Funding: the Knowledge Foundation in the framework of AstaMoCA ”Model-based Communication Architecture for the AstaZero Automotive Safety” project (2017–2019), COST Action CA15127 (”Resilient communication services protecting end-user applications from disaster-based failures – RECODIS”) supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) in the framework of Strategic Mobility Program (2019-2020), from the Estonian Research Council under the grant PRG49 and from the ELLIIT Strategic Research Network.

Available from: 2019-07-25 Created: 2019-07-25 Last updated: 2020-02-03Bibliographically approved
Bocharova, I., Kudryashov, B., Lyamin, N., Frick, E., Rabi, M. & Vinel, A. (2019). Low Delay Inter-Packet Coding in Vehicular Networks. Future Internet, 11(12), Article ID 212.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Low Delay Inter-Packet Coding in Vehicular Networks
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2019 (English)In: Future Internet, E-ISSN 1999-5903, Vol. 11, no 12, article id 212Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITSs), vehicles need to wirelessly connect with Roadside units (RSUs) over limited durations when such point-to-point connections are possible. One example of such communications is the downloading of maps to the C-ITS vehicles. Another example occurs in the testing of C-ITS vehicles, where the tested vehicles upload trajectory records to the roadside units. Because of real-time requirements, and limited bandwidths, data are sent as User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets. We propose an inter-packet error control coding scheme that improves the recovery of data when some of these packets are lost; we argue that the coding scheme has to be one of convolutional coding. We measure performance through the session averaged probability of successfully delivering groups of packets. We analyze two classes of convolution codes and propose a low-complexity decoding procedure suitable for network applications. We conclude that Reed–Solomon convolutional codes perform better than Wyner–Ash codes at the cost of higher complexity. We show this by simulation on the memoryless binary erasure channel (BEC) and channels with memory, and through simulations of the IEEE 802.11p DSRC/ITS-G5 network at the C-ITS test track AstaZero.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel: MDPI, 2019
Keywords
V2X, C-ITS, IEEE 802.11p, error-correcting codes, convolutional codes, fading channels
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40702 (URN)10.3390/fi11100212 (DOI)000493523100010 ()2-s2.0-85073783875 (Scopus ID)
Projects
AstaMoCA “Model-based Communication Architecture for the AstaZero Automotive Safety” project (2017–2019)
Funder
Knowledge FoundationSwedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchELLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications
Note

Funding: 

The research leading to the results reported in this work has received funding from the Knowledge Foundation in the framework of AstaMoCA “Model-based Communication Architecture for the AstaZero Automotive Safety” project (2017–2019), COST Action CA15127 (“Resilient communication services protecting end-user applications from disaster-based failures—RECODIS”) supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) in the framework of Strategic Mobility Program (2019–2020), from Eesti Teadusagentuur under the grant PRG49 and from the ELLIIT Strategic Research Network.

Available from: 2019-10-11 Created: 2019-10-11 Last updated: 2023-08-03Bibliographically approved
Bocharova, I., Kudryashov, B., Rabi, M., Lyamin, N., Dankers, W., Frick, E. & Vinel, A. (2019). Modeling Packet Losses in Communication Networks. In: 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory: Proceedings. Paper presented at IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), Paris, France, July 7-12, 2019 (pp. 1012-1016). Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modeling Packet Losses in Communication Networks
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2019 (English)In: 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory: Proceedings, Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE, 2019, p. 1012-1016Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

An approach to constructing discrete models of packet losses suitable for a wide variety of communication network applications is studied. It is based on estimating parameters of probabilistic automata described via so-called pseudo-Markov chains. The new technique is applied both to approximating a discrete time analog process at the output of known channel models and to the experimental data stream. Comparison of models is performed by computing probabilities of more than m losses out of n transmitted packets (P (m, n)). It is shown that for the Rician fading channel with exponential correlation and correlation determined by a Bessel filter, the obtained rank-two and rank-three discrete modes, respectively, provide high accuracy coincidence of P (m, n) performances. The rank-three discrete model computed on the experimental data stream obtained from the LTE network provides significantly better approximation of P (≥ m, n) performance than that obtained by the Baum-Welch algorithm.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE, 2019
Series
IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. Proceedings, E-ISSN 2157-8117 ; 2019
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40634 (URN)10.1109/ISIT.2019.8849400 (DOI)000489100301021 ()2-s2.0-85073163232 (Scopus ID)978-1-5386-9291-2 (ISBN)978-1-5386-9290-5 (ISBN)978-1-5386-9292-9 (ISBN)
Conference
IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), Paris, France, July 7-12, 2019
Projects
AstaMoCA
Funder
Knowledge FoundationSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research ELLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications
Note

Funder: European Cooperation in Science and Technology & Estonian Research Council

Available from: 2019-09-27 Created: 2019-09-27 Last updated: 2020-04-14Bibliographically approved
Lyamin, N. (2019). Performance evaluation of safety critical ITS-G5 V2V communications for cooperative driving applications. (Doctoral dissertation). Halmstad: Halmstad University Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Performance evaluation of safety critical ITS-G5 V2V communications for cooperative driving applications
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are aiming to provide innovative services related to different modes of transport and traffic management, and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated and smarter use of transport networks. Cooperative-ITS (C-ITS) support connectivity between vehicles, vehicles and roadside infrastructure, traffic signals as well as with other road users. In order to enable vehicular communications European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) delivered ITS-G5 -- a of set of C-ITS standards. Considering the goals of C-ITS, inter-vehicle communications should be reliable and efficient.

The subject of this thesis is evaluation of the performance, efficiency, and dependability of ITS-G5 communications for cooperative driving applications support. This thesis includes eight scientific papers and extends the research area in three directions: evaluation of the performance of ITS-G5 beaconing protocols; studying the performance of ITS-G5 congestion control mechanisms; and studying the radio jamming Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks and their detection methods.

First, an overview of currently available and ongoing standardization targeting communications in C-ACC/platooning cooperative driving applications is provided. Then, as part of the first research direction, we demonstrate via a number of studies, that the adaptive beaconing approach where message generation is coupled to the speed variation of the originating ITS-s may lead to a message synchronization effect in the time domain when vehicles follow mobility scenarios that involve cooperative speed variation. We explain in detail the cause of this phenomenon and test it for a wide range of parameters. In relation to the second problem, we, first, study the influence of different available ITS-G5 legitimate setups on the C-ACC/platooning fuel efficiency and demonstrate that proper communication setup may enhance fuel savings. Then we thoroughly study the standardization of the congestion control mechanism for ITS-G5, which will affect the operation of all cooperative driving C-ITS applications as a mandatory component. We study the influence of congestion control on application performance and give recommendations for improvement to make the congestion control to target at optimizing the applications performance metrics. In the scope of the last research direction, we propose two real-time jamming DoS detection methods. The main advantage of our detection techniques is their short learning phase that not exceed a few seconds and low detection delay of a few hundreds of milliseconds. Under some assumptions, the proposed algorithms demonstrates the ability to detect certain types of attacks with high detection probability.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Halmstad: Halmstad University Press, 2019. p. 186
Series
Halmstad University Dissertations ; 53
Keywords
C-ITS, VANET, ITS-G5, IEEE 802.11p, ETSI, platooning, C-ACC, jamming Denial-of-Service attack, congestion control, cooperative awareness, security in C-ITS
National Category
Communication Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-38763 (URN)978-91-88749-15-4 (ISBN)978-91-88749-14-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2019-01-30, Wigforssalen, Visionen, Kristian IV:s väg 3, Halmstad, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2019-01-17 Created: 2019-01-16 Last updated: 2019-01-17Bibliographically approved
Lyamin, N., Kleyko, D., Delooz, Q. & Vinel, A. (2019). Real-time jamming DoS detection in safety-critical V2V C-ITS using data mining. IEEE Communications Letters, 23(3), 442-445
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Real-time jamming DoS detection in safety-critical V2V C-ITS using data mining
2019 (English)In: IEEE Communications Letters, ISSN 1089-7798, E-ISSN 1558-2558, Vol. 23, no 3, p. 442-445Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A data mining-based method for real-time detection of radio jamming Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks in IEEE 802.11p vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications is proposed. The method aims at understanding the reasons for losses of periodic cooperative awareness messages (CAM) exchanged by vehicles in a platoon. Detection relies on a knowledge of IEEE 802.11p protocols rules as well as on historical observation of events in the V2V channel. In comparison to the state-of-the-art method, the proposed method allows operating under the realistic assumption of random jitter accompanying every CAM transmission. The method is evaluated for two jamming models: random and ON-OFF. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2019
Keywords
C-ITS, VANET, jamming, Denial-of-Service attack, security, platooning, data mining
National Category
Communication Systems Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-38762 (URN)10.1109/LCOMM.2019.2894767 (DOI)000461240300014 ()2-s2.0-85062972118 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2019-01-16 Created: 2019-01-16 Last updated: 2022-12-07Bibliographically approved
Thunberg, J., Lyamin, N., Sjöberg, K. & Vinel, A. (2019). Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications for Platooning: Safety Analysis. IEEE Networking Letters, 1(4), 168-172
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications for Platooning: Safety Analysis
2019 (English)In: IEEE Networking Letters, ISSN 2576-3156, Vol. 1, no 4, p. 168-172Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication is the key technology enabling platooning. This paper proposes an analytical framework that combines the characteristics of V2V communication (packet loss probabilities and packet transmission delays) with the physical mobility characteristics of vehicles (speed, distance between vehicles and their brake capacities). First, we present the feasible region of communications delays which guarantees safe emergency braking in platooning scenarios. Second, we derive a bound on the probability of safe braking. The presented framework is applied to understand the performance of the state-of-the-art V2V communication protocol for platooning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Piscataway: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2019
Keywords
Platooning, safety, emergency braking, cooperative intelligent transport system (C-ITS), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, dedicated short range communications (DSRC), ITS-G5
National Category
Communication Systems Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40251 (URN)10.1109/LNET.2019.2929026 (DOI)
Available from: 2019-07-18 Created: 2019-07-18 Last updated: 2019-11-27Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-1460-2988

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