There has been a growing academic interest in applying legitimacy as a theoreticallens to investigate, analyze, and theorize the occurrence of various phenomena in the business managerial domain. Most studies have investigated the legitimationof newness in different aspects, such as new ventures and new products in variousinstitutional settings. However, studies have failed to sufficiently investigate coemergenceand legitimation of newness and how new products are legitimized indifferent uncertain environments.The study explores the legitimation of newness in gambling and life sciencescontexts. The reason for selecting these contexts is that they are highly regulated,as the services and products offered by firms in this sector pose different risks tothe end-users. Exploring the legitimation of newness in these two distinct contextsprovides insight into how various forms of newness are legitimized in differentenvironments. The study is then guided by the question: How are new products,ventures, and sectors legitimized in different institutional settings? In the gamblingcontext, the study investigates the co-emergence and co-legitimation of new firmsin transformed sectors. In the life science context, the focus is on legitimation ofnew products in different institutional settings. The study consists of five papers toaddress this question and is conducted qualitatively using single and multiple casestudies in the different contexts explored. The study manages to identify four formsof new venture and sector co-emergence: benign, supervenient, radical, andnominal. The findings suggest that leaders can apply feedback loops,conformance, familiar cues, and repetition and consistency strategies to legitimizethe co-emergence of newness during the edge of chaos. To legitimize new productsin different institutional settings, findings suggest that different legitimationstrategies are to be used when introducing new products in different markets. Emphasis is also placed on developing internal legitimacy before developingexternal legitimacy when launching new products in uncertain markets.

Background: Gynecological cancer is a common cancer form that affects women of various ages globally. The diagnosis and treatment often entail significant physical and psychological challenges, particularly concerning fertility and femininity. Nurses play a crucial role in providing support and alleviating suffering during and after treatment. Understanding women’s experiences is essential to offer person-centered and holistic care. Aim: The aim was to highlight women’s experiences of gynecological cancer. Method: A general literature review based on ten qualitative, one quantitative, and two mixed-method scientific articles. Results: Four categories emerged in the results: (1) Psychological experiences with subcategories: altered self-image and fear of the future, (2) Physical experiences, (3) Social experiences with subcategories: altered close relationships and need for support from healthcare, and (4) Spiritual experiences. Conclusion: Women with gynecological cancer experienced significant challenges regarding self-image, fertility and hope for the future. The need for emotional support and information from healthcare professionals was highlighted as substantial deficiency and a crucial role during cancer coping and recovery process after surviving gynecological cancer. Through increased understanding and application of knowledge in clinical practice, nurses can contribute to an effective recovery, considering the patient’s overall health – psychological, physical, social, and spiritual - which promotes well-being.

Sepsis is a complex medical condition, characterised by arange of symptoms and signs. Without early identification, the severity andmortality risk of the condition tend to escalate as the disease progresses.Nurses come into contact with patients early, and throughout the entire carejourney, bearing the responsibility to assess, evaluate, and communicatemedical decisions while ensuring patient safety. Purpose: This study aimedto describe nurses’ experiences of key factors in the early identification ofsepsis. Method: A general literature review was conducted, including fivequalitative and five quantitative scientific articles. These articles wereanalysed into categories to provide an overview of the current state ofknowledge. Result: Sepsis is a condition with a varied clinical picturewhere a lack of knowledge of symptoms and the pathophysiologyconstituted obstacles in early detection. Organisational and workenvironment-related conditions, such as time constraints, limited availabilityof care beds, and a high patient flow, risked delaying the identification. Apositive attitude towards knowledge acquisition and access to educationwere positive in awareness around, and early identification of, sepsis.Guidelines and assessment tools were of importance for the nurses’ clinicalassessment and provided conditions for evidence-based care. Conclusion: Apositive attitude and a critical approach to evidence-based caring incombination with education promote early identification. Lack ofknowledge, time and access to care beds were factors that affected the earlyidentification and were identified as negative conditions. Due to the limitedsampling, further research will be required.

Background: Sexual health is well-being in relation to sexuality, which is an important part of human identity. Sexual dysfunction can occur as a result of various medical conditions and treatments, but it can also occur independently of these. Sexual dysfunctions are complex and have amultifactorial etiology. Nurses have a responsibility to talk to patients about sexual health, sexuality and sexual dysfunction. However, few nurses routinely initiate these conversations with patients, and an important aspect that influences whether nurses initiate conversations is the individual nurse's attitudes. Aim: The aim was to elucidate nurses' attitudes towards discussing sexual health with patients. Method: A general literature review with a qualitative approach. The study was based on nine articles, of which five were quantitative and four were qualitative. All articles were quality reviewed and thoroughly analyzed to ensure a high scientific standard. The data from the final articles were coded according to a framework and fourcategories were found. Results: The four categories analyzed were: ‘Sexual health talk is an important part of nursing care’, ‘Sexual health talk is not my responsibility’, ‘Sexual health talk should be avoided’, and ‘The patient is not interested in sexual health talk’, and highlighted nurses' attitudes towards talking about sexual health with patients. Conclusion: Nurses havevarying attitudes that influence their willingness to engage in conversationsabout sexual health with patients.

Background: Young people with type 1 diabetes have an increased risk of developing eating disorders compared to healthy young people of the same age. The disease requires careful self-care, insulin treatment and strict dietary rules, which can lead to problematic eating behaviors. The psychological stress around blood sugar control and weight can increase the risk of eating disorders, especially diabulimia which is an eating disorder where insulin is deliberately avoided in order to lose weight. Nurses lack sufficient knowledge to pay attention to risk factors for eating disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes. It is crucial for the patient with an early identification of these risks in order to be offered the right support and care. Aim: The aim was to highlight risk factors for eating disorders in young people with diabetes mellitus type 1. Method: A general literature study based on research in the field through the review of nine quantitative results articles from different databases. Results: The main categories of risk factors that emerged were: Physical and metabolic risk factors, Demographic and socioeconomic risk factors and Psychosocial conditions and physical health as risk factors. Conclusion: In this study, it emerged that the mentioned risk factors play a significant role in the co-morbidity of type 1 diabetes and eating disorders in young people. Identification of these risk factors is crucial for preventing and treating eating disorders in this group.

The digitalization of working life is impacting working conditions and the work environment, placing new demands on leadership. This transformation includes the use of digital tools such as automation, remote work, and AI, which brings both opportunities and challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated digitalization, leading to more digital meetings and changed work practices. This study explores how managers across various departments in a municipality perceive the impact of digitalization on their leadership. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted, and a qualitative content analysis was applied to analyze the empirical data, resulting in four categories. The findings reveal a lack of specific strategies for skill development in digitalization, with both managers and employees often needing to take the initiative to enhance their digital competence. The managers noted that digitalization can cause anxiety among employees, which requires them to identify and address wellbeing remotely. At the same time, digital tools offer greater freedom and flexibility, but physical meetings are still considered important for understanding employees' emotions and behaviors. The study concludes that digitalization is transforming leadership in both positive and negative ways, and continuous skill development is essential. Active dialogue, attentiveness, and shared knowledge are crucial for improving digital competence, thus enhancing the work environment and organizational health.

Background: Adverse events in healthcare are a clear indicator of compromised patient safety, causing suffering for patients. The healthcare system is complex, involving collaboration among multiple professions. Nurses play a leading role in nursing care and are responsible for maintaining both quality and safety. Occupational stress is a common experience among nurses in healthcare, and with increased care demands, a vulnerability emerges that affects the entire healthcare system. Aim: The aim was to explore the relationship between occupational stress among nurses and patient safety from a nursing perspective. Method: A general literature review that included eight quantitative studies, two qualitative studies, and one mixed-method study from the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Results: The results include three categories. The first category, the prevalence of occupational stress among nurses, highlights statistical data regarding the distribution of nurses' occupational stress based on demographic characteristics. The second category, the organization's impact on occupational stress and patient safety, focuses on deficiencies within the healthcare organization. The final category, nurses' changed work behaviors, highlights the effects of occupational stress on nurses and its impact on patient safety. Conclusion: Nurses perceive that patient safety is threatened by occupational stress and that tools are lacking to change the situation. To reduce adverse events and maintain patient safety, better collaboration between nurses and the organization is required, with the nurse's work situation being of the highest priority. 

The paper analyzes Nordic participation in the cross-border cooperation project "b-solutions initiative",  comparing it with the pre-existing obstacle-focused method for solving obstacles standing in the way of cross-border regional integration and mobility. The paper emphazes the novelty of the Nordic approach of working systematically with issues as "obstacles", something which then spread to European actors. The project b-solutions took the systematisation further and the method has returned to the Nordic countries with a twist and additional resources. However, Nordic actors still remain underrepresented in the overall pool. 

The automation of vehicles has been widely recognized in measures for increasing safety and efficiency in driving. Of these technologies, Lane Keeping Assist systems (LKA), as part of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), are designed to improve road safety and also driver performance. However, reliance on their visual feedback presents barriers to drivers with partial impairments in vision. The present study tries to explore methods through which LKA systems can be optimized to improve usability, with a focus on the parameters of learnability and efficiency. A qualitative approach was used here that utilized secondary data from a total of 30 peer-reviewed articles. The Braun and Clarke (2022), six-phase thematic analysis framework applied to emphasis on key usability factors. The results show that adaptive feedback mechanisms involving auditory and haptic cues, with intuitive and user-centered interface designs, significantly improve learnability and efficiency. These enhancements reduce cognitive overload and learning time while enabling the effective performance of tasks by visually impaired drivers. The study introduces actionable insights into improving accessibility and also functionality in LKA systems by addressing existing usability gaps, thereby improving equitable independence of use by visually impaired drivers from such advanced systems.

After multiple discussions with multiple experts in the water rescue profession, it has been found that there is a need to secure unmanned beaches. Sweden has over 2900 official beaches, of which twenty-five are staffed by lifeguards. Today, Sweden has over 80,000 lifebuoys, which have looked the same since the early 2000s. Currently, there are lifebuoys and lifeboats placed by the municipality. There is not always knowledge for a normal person how to use the equipment. This can lead to the person using the lifebuoy putting themselves in danger. Therefore, the project group has developed an electronically controlled board called Rescueboard, that intent to function as a lifebuoy/lifeboat. The board is maneuvered by people at the beach without risking their own safety.

The project group consisting of Albin Ireblad and Petter Ragnarsson during the thesis project the group has developed a prototype that can drive up to the person in distress. The distressed individual should be able to climb on or grab onto the board and then carried back to the shoreline. The product will work as a complement to the existing rescue equipment that is available at beaches today.

Background: In today’s rapidly evolving digital economy, the ability of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) to adopt emerging technologies is critical to their long-term sustainability, competitiveness, and capacity for innovation. SMEs, which account for a significant portion of global economic growth and employment, are particularly vulnerable to the disruptive forces of digital transformation. Unlike larger enterprises, they often operate with limited financial resources, reduced access to technical expertise, and a higher sensitivity to market fluctuations. These constraints pose substantial barriers to technology adoption, yet the need for SMEs to remain competitive in a digital-first world has never been more urgent. In particular, the adoption of advanced technologies, such as blockchain, holds tremendous potential to enhance operational efficiencies, streamline processes, and unlock new avenues for growth and innovation. Despite these benefits, many SMEs struggle to effectively integrate blockchain into their operations, lagging larger companies in leveraging this technology. Purpose: This research addresses the problem of blockchain adoption within SMEs, which is both a significant challenge and an untapped opportunity. While SMEs constitute 99% of European companies and play a pivotal role in driving innovation and employment across industries, their pace of adopting advanced technologies like blockchain remains notably slower compared to larger organizations. The discrepancy between SMEs' essential role in economic growth and their delayed adoption of cutting-edge technologies exposes deeper theoretical and empirical challenges that need to be understood and addressed. The study aims to provide actionable insights and strategies to empower SMEs in overcoming these barriers and successfully integrating blockchain into their operations. Method: To address these challenges, the study proposes the "Dynamic Technology Adoption Model for SMEs" (DTAM-SMEs), developed through four key stages of i) conducting a systematic literature review to capture the broad spectrum of technology adoption within SMEs, (ii) identifying key factors influencing the pre-adoption phase of blockchain, (iii) analysing the determinants impacting the implementation phase, and (iv) examining the dynamic interplay of environmental and technological factors that shape ongoing adoption processes.  Findings: The DTAM-SMEs model offers both theoretical insights and practical contributions. It provides SMEs, policymakers, and business leaders with a strategic roadmap for successful blockchain adoption. By addressing specific barriers in the pre-adoption and implementation phases and considering the dynamic interplay of factors influencing adoption, the model aims to enhance operational efficiency, streamline processes, and drive long-term growth for SMEs. 

Background: Menopause is a natural part of female aging which, individually, caninclude more or less symptoms. Established treatment options exist, but both women and district nurses experience a lack of knowledge about how these are best applied and uncertainty of which healthcare-provider the women should seek about their symptoms. In recent years, separate menopause clinics have been established following targeted educational intervention, but the results of these are not entirely clarified. Purpose: The purpose was to map district nurses' experienced effects of a targeted educational intervention on working with women in menopause. Method: In the study, seven district nurses were interviewed at different primary care units in Västergötland, Sweden. A qualitative design with an inductive approach and predetermined interview questions were used and the material was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: Three main categories were identified in the results: Implementation of newly acquired knowledge, Newly established menopause clinic, and Challenges andPrerequisites. Conclusion: In this study, it appears that district nurses feel that the targeted education has provided increased opportunities to guide women in the menopause. With the help of a new structure and updated routines, the district nurse is a central figure in the new menopause clinic, which has become a natural path to care for the women. 

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in various areas has resulted in significant progress. However, it has also raised concerns about how transparent, understandable, and reliable AI models are. Explainable Artificial Intelligence(XAI) has become an important area of study because it makes AI systems easier for people to understand. XAI also aims to create trust, accountability, and transparency in AI systems, especially in vital areas such as healthcare, finance, and autonomous systems. Furthermore, XAI helps detect biases, improve model debugging, and enable the discovery of new insights from data.

With the increasing focus on the XAI field, we have developed a framework called Field’s Evolution Graph (FEG) to track the evolution of research within the XAI field. This framework helps researchers identify key concepts and their interrelationships over time. Different approaches have been developed in XAI, and Shaply values are among the most well-known techniques. We further examine this method by evaluating its computational cost and analyzing various characteristic functions. We have introduced EcoShap, a computationally efficient method for calculating Shapley values to identify the most important features. By focusing calculations on a few of the most important features, EcoShap significantly reduces the computational cost, making it feasible to apply Shapley values to large datasets.

The thesis is extended by analyzing different characteristic functions used in Shapley value calculations theoretically and practically. We examine how feature importance rankings are reliable and how considering various characteristic functions, like accuracy and F1-score metrics, affects those rankings.

Additionally, Federated Learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm that is able to train global models from different clients while keeping data decentralized. Similar to other machine learning paradigms, XAI is needed in this context. To address this need, we have proposed a method to use Incremental Decision Trees as an inherently interpretable model within the FL framework, offering an interpretable alternative to black-box models. The objective is to employ inherently explainable models instead of trying to explain black-box models. Three aggregation strategies have been presented to combine local models into a global model while maintaining interpretability and accuracy.

In summary, the research in this thesis contributes to the field of XAI by introducing new methods to improve efficiency, analyzing existing methods to assess the reliability of XAI techniques, and proposing a solution for utilizing more intrinsically explainable models in the Federated Learning framework.

Background: Stroke is a common cause of death and neurological disabilities worldwide. Family members of patient after a stroke experience a lot of changes in life that causes a negative effect of their health-related quality of life. Aim: The aim of the study was to illustrate experiences of stroke from a family perspective. Method: Literature study based on qualitative and quantitative articles. The article search in databases CINAHL and PubMed resulted in ten articles for the result. Results: Findings show that the time after a patient has been affected by stroke is wearing for family members and that the support from healthcare was insufficient. Limitations for family members emerged as lack of information and communication, emotions of solitude and feelings of responsibility. Adequate information and involvement in care resulted in increased independency for family members. Conclusion: The study illustrates family members experiences of a patient after a stroke and highlights how family members physical and mental health is negatively affected. More implementation of research for nurses is needed to illustrate the importance of family members in the care of patients after a stroke. 

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems have emerged as a powerful approach to enhancing the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by integrating them with external knowledge sources. However, existing RAG systems face challenges in cost efficiency, retrieval efficacy, and the effective utilization of retrieved information. This report proposes an innovative methodology for optimizing the preprocessing pipeline of RAG systems, focusing on parsing, content refinement, and dynamic content-aware chunking. The proposed techniques aim to reduce token usage, improve attention score distribution, and enhance the semantic coherence of the knowledge base while preserving its informational integrity. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in token count while retaining a high semantic similarity between the original and refined knowledge base and enhanced retrieval efficacy on the PubMedQA dataset. The resulting chunks also displayed denser and more evenly distributed attention scores, indicating increased generative capability for large-context applications. These results are based on extensive evaluation metrics that assess different RAG processes. This research could serve as a basis for a comprehensive review of cross-domain applicability or impact analysis of similar preprocessing methods to develop more efficient and reliable RAG systems, promoting widespread adoption in various domains.

Background: Cardiac arrest is a health problem worldwide and can be

defined as a sudden cessation of heart activity, which means that the patient

becomes unconscious and missing breathing. Early cardiopulmonary

resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation increase the patient's chances of

survival. Nurses are often first on scene and have an important role in

resuscitation attempts. There are ambiguities regarding how the work should

be distributed and which profession is responsible for what. Purpose: The

aim was to explore on the nurse’s experiences of a sudden cardiac arrest in

hospital. Method: The literature study was carried out through an inductive

approach. Databases used were CINAHL and PubMed, a total of 10 result

articles were found. Results articles of qualitative and quantitative methods

were used to create the results. Results: The results consist of three

categories: Feeling of stress and anxiety, insufficient knowledge and

inexperience, and communication and cooperation. The result describes that

CPR is a vulnerable moment for nurses and that there are unclear guidelines

in the event of a cardiac arrest. Conclusion: Nurses' experiences during

cardiac arrest describe high workload, emotional stress and responsibility.

Effective teamwork and communication are essential for good conditions

and increase the chances of the patient survival. Strengthened routines and

debriefing after an emergency is recommended to develop care and support

the mental well-being of healthcare personnel.

Background: Intellectual disability (ID) is a diagnosis that tend to cause limitations in the person's cognitive and social functions. Patients admit to feeling left out and misunderstood in care-related contexts. Bad experiences in care, result in patients avoiding seeking hospital care. Purpose: The purpose of this literature study was to illustrate nurses’ experiences in caring for patients with intellectual disability. Method: The study was a general literature review. The study used eight articles that were relevant to the purpose. Results: The results were distributed into four categories: knowledge about intellectual disability and self-preserved capability in nursing care, inner factors affecting communications between nurse and patient, outer factors affecting communication between nurse and patient, nurses’ strategies to create comfort in nursing care. The nurses noticed that they had a lack of knowledge about the disability and communication. Nurses experienced that this caused unease and negative consequences for the patients. The nurses tried to ease this situation by looking for help form their surroundings. Conclusion: Lacking knowledge and communication result in negative experiences and worry. To understand nurses' experiences and the developmental areas, it is important that more research needs to be done about the subject.

Background: Breast cancer is a significant health issue among women, treated through various methods, with mastectomy being one approach aimed at removing breast tissue as a result of breast cancer. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe women's experiences of nursing support following a mastectomy. Method: A general literature review a structured search, resulting in nine qualitative articles and one quantitative article  that addressed the research objective. Results: The findings were presented into two categories, highlighting women's experiences of different forms of support offered by nurses after a mastectomy. The categories were experiences of support and security, and experiences of inadequate support. The results indicated both positive and negative aspects of the support received from nurses after a mastectomy. Additionally, there were a clear need for information, follow-up care, and better understanding from nurses regarding the needs women’s needs after the after procedure. Conclusion/Implications: The study shows that’s women’s experiences of support after mastectomy vary, encompassing both negative and positive aspects. Clear and emotional support emerges as essential. By enhancing nurse's competencies, they can better meet women’s individual needs after the procedure, which in turn can improve their well-being and recovery. 

Background: Breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) is a gene of which the mutation is related to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. It is recommended that women with BRCA1 undergo prophylactic salpingo- oophorectomy and mastectomy after completion of reproduction. Prophylactic surgery is followed by side effects that affect the individual's overall health, where physical symptoms related to surgical menopause interact with psychological experiences connected to identity, body image, and the loss of reproductive ability. Current research reveals a lack of healthcare competence, as well as insufficient information and support regarding prophylactic surgery, emphasizing the need to include women's experiences to improve the care process. Aim: The aim was to highlight women’s experiences before and after prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy and mastectomy when carrying the hereditary pathogen BRCA1. Method: A general literature review that included five qualitative articles and seven quantitative articles. Result: The result formed three main categories: Thoughts and feelings before prophylactic surgery, Thoughts and feelings after prophylactic surgery and The importance of information and support. It emerged that women’s decisions to undergo prophylactic surgery were based on a fear of dying and the desire to be part of their children’s lives. The majority were satisfied after undergoing prophylactic surgery but reported side effects related to surgical menopause and cosmetic outcome, which in turn affected body image, sexual function and mental health. Women highlighted the lack and need for clear information and support throughout the process. Conclusion: Improvement work is needed regarding information, support and treatment of side effects. By highlighting women’s experiences, care can be improved for this patient group.

The roof is a crucial component of the building envelope, significantly influencing indoor temperatures, especially in warm and humid climates. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various roof systems in improving indoor temperature, positively impacting indoor climate, and reducing cooling loads. Focusing on a typical residential building in Kerala, India, known for its tropical climate, the study compares three roof types: green roofs, cool roofs, and PCM integrated roofs. An initial energy-exergy analysis is conducted to assess their thermal performance, followed by a comprehensive simulation using ANSYS software. This simulation considers multiple properties of each roof type to provide a holistic view of their thermal efficiencies. The findings aim to identify the most effective roof system for enhancing indoor comfort and energy efficiency in tropical climates. The green roof and PCM integrated roof offered better thermal performance among the roof types analysed with the green roof exhibiting the lowest energy and exergy transfers and the PCM integrated roof exhibiting the lowest radiative heat gain in the simulation results. Both the roof types exhibited the same reduction in indoor temperatures. The cool roof was effective in reflecting but it is less efficient than the green and PCM roofs in minimising heat transfer and maintaining uniform indoor temperatures. 

Society's digital transformation continues to affect care work, and today digital tools are an established part of elderly care. This leads to changed working methods that place demands on the digital literacy of the healthcare personnel to be able to handle a more digitized care work.  The purpose of this study is to describe the experiences unit managers in elderly care have of the digital literacy of the healthcare personnel. The study's method is a qualitative interview study with a sample from elderly care in Halland's municipalities. The result shows a lack of digital literacy among the healthcare personnel, where the staff have different prerequisites for obtaining digital literacy and the training around this is currently the responsibility of the unit managers. The result also shows that digital tools can be a contributing factor to the organizational and social work environment being affected, where unit managers need to adapt strategies around the digital tools to promote the work environment and create a healthy workplace. The conclusion is that the work with digital literacy in elderly care needs to be reviewed to ensure that the healthcare personnel obtain sufficient competence.

This study explores the impact of smartphone notifications on user tendencies toward excessive smartphone usage, aiming to address the growing issue of smartphone addiction. The relationship between smartphone notifications and user behaviour are studied, focusing on habitual use, emotional responses, and self-regulation strategies. Through qualitative interviews with twelve participants, this research examines the relationship between notifications and habitual phone use, drawing on the framework of Pavlovian conditioning to understand compulsive checking behaviours. The findings reveal a significant discrepancy between perceived and actual phone usage, driven by notifications acting as powerful triggers. This study contributes valuable insights into the psychological and behavioural mechanisms behind smartphone overuse, offering potential frameworks for further future research.

Recently, there have been many headlines in the media about saving wetlands. This is because wetlands perform many important functions, but they have disappeared extensively over the past centuries to make way for agriculture and forestry. This has led to large annual carbon dioxide emissions. Wetlands also provide ecosystem services such as preventing both drought and flooding due to climate change, thanks to their ability to balance water flows. The design of wetlands allows them to act as natural water purifiers, which can prevent eutrophication in other water bodies. Wetlands are home to hundreds of red-listed species and are vital for preserving biological diversity.

To protect wetlands, research and monitoring are currently conducted, where a large part of the work involves collecting data about the wetlands. Data collection is done manually today, with researchers, for example, wading into the wetlands to take samples. This entails a number of inefficiencies. It involves a safety risk to wade in wetlands, requiring several people to work in the field simultaneously. This results in many working hours for only a few data points, making the process costly. The difficult terrain means that the collection is based on only a few data points, resulting in incomplete data sets and complicating the work of preserving wetlands.

The purpose of this thesis has therefore been to come up with a solution to streamline data collection in wetlands so that better measures can be taken for their preservation, allowing them to continue fulfilling their important functions. The project presents a concept for an autonomous robotic platform that traverses wetlands and uses sensors to collect extensive data across the entire wetland. This can create data sets that can be used by decision-makers. Instead of wading into wetlands, a researcher can safely stand on solid ground and see the data being collected on a screen. A prototype is built to verify the propulsion system and enables the implementation of sensors in a further development of the project. The project identifies various business opportunities aimed at researchers and conservationists, but also at companies interested in taking social responsibility.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that affects millions ofpeople worldwide. Diabetes mellitus can lead to serious complications,causing the person both mental and physical suffering. Foot ulcers are acomplication of diabetes mellitus and can make it difficult for the person tolive a dignified life, lead to a reduced quality of life and contribute to theexperience of social isolation due to limited mobility. Research focuses onthe medical treatment of already developed foot ulcers, which creates gapsin knowledge regarding effective preventive nursing interventions. Aim:The aim was to illustrate preventive nursing interventions for foot ulcers inpeople with diabetes mellitus. Method: A general literature study, based on12 scientific articles from two databases, CINAHL and PubMed. Results:Three categories were identified: Identification of risk factors, Healthpromotion education, and Continuous follow-up. Conclusion: Nursinginterventions were essential to prevent the development of foot ulcers inpeople with diabetes mellitus. Identification of risk factors and healthpromotion education of people with diabetes mellitus and family memberswas essential in preventing foot ulcers in people with diabetes mellitus. Thenurse had a central function by performing foot examinations and givingindividualized recommendations to promote self-care. Regular follow-upwas identified as an important factor in reducing the risk of seriouscomplications. More research on preventive nursing interventions is neededto clarify the effect of these interventions.

The growing global demand for renewable energy solutions has risen sharply as societies aimto mitigate climate change impacts and transition to sustainable power sources. Due to itsabundance, scalability, and environmental benefits, solar energy stands out among thesesolutions. However, the intermittency of solar and wind power necessitates reliable energystorage systems to ensure consistent energy supply. Integrating solar energy and storagetechnologies, particularly within modular construction frameworks, holds significant potentialfor transforming the energy landscape into a more resilient, decentralized, and sustainablesystem.Modular construction, which involves off-site prefabrication of building components, offersnumerous advantages over traditional methods, including faster project completion, reducedmaterial wastage, and enhanced quality control. This approach is especially beneficial forconstructing solar-integrated energy storage systems. Batteries, such as lithium-ion and flowbatteries, provide long-term energy storage with high energy density. At the same time,supercapacitors offer rapid response capabilities to manage short-term power fluctuations dueto their high power density. In this Project, we discuss and analyze the adaptability of variousenergy storage systems, such as batteries and supercapacitors in a solar-powered system. 

Background: Stroke is a common disease that includes ischemic stroke and brain haemorrage. One complication after stroke is aphasia and the majority of affected patients live with some form of mental health problems. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine mental health experiences of patients with post stroke aphasia. Method: A general literature study with an inductive approach based on seven qualitative and two quantitative articles. Results: Two main categories were identified: (1) conditions in healthcare that affect mental health, (2) personal changes and conditions after a stroke with aphasia. Patients living with aphasia after stroke experienced a lack of knowledge and understanding about how aphasia affected their mental health. Conclusion/implication: Patients living with post stroke aphasia experienced mental illness to a greater extent compared to patients without aphasia. Healthcare workers who provide a source of support combined with a greater understanding about aphasia results in well executed person-centered care. Further research may lead to increased understanding, better treatment options and reduced mental illness in patients living with aphasia after stroke.

Background: Cultural diversity in healthcare has increased, creating significant challenges. Language barriers and cultural differences can affect the quality of both treatments and nursing care, as well as increase the risk of medical errors. Nurses have a responsibility for patient safety, making it essential to provide culturally congruent and holistic care. Aim: The aim was to highlight experiences of nursing care among patients with an immigrant background from a transcultural perspective. Method: The study was conducted as a general literature study with an inductive approach. The included articles comprised eight qualitative studies, two quantitative studies, and one mixed-method study. Results: The findings highlight three main categories: Communication challenges, patients' experiences of encounters, patients' experiences of cultural values. Patients described difficulties encountered in healthcare, such as language barriers, unprofessional interpreters, and a lack of clear information, which affected their understanding and interactions with healthcare staff, access to care, treatment adherence, and informed decision-making. Patients also reported experiencing racial discrimination and bias based on their cultural or religious appearance. Conclusion: Further research is needed to explore nurses' cultural competencies and their impact on patients' experiences of nursing care. Improvements within healthcare and related educational programs could enhance cultural competence and improve nursing care for patients.

Background: Leukemia is a malignant blood disease that affects stem cells in the bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the primary treatment used for leukemia and can cause serious complications. Nurses´ responsibilities include medical-technical care, symptom relief, and meeting patients´ need for support. Aim: The aim of the study was to highlight patients’ experiences of undergoing stem cell transplantation for leukemia. Method: The method was a general literature review based on both quantitative and qualitative studies to map the knowledge area. Data analysis was conducted through coding of data units that addressed the aim, which shaped the categories of the results. Results: The results were divided into four categories based on patients´ experiences: Experiences of physical strain, Experiences of psychological strain, Existential experiences, and Social experiences. Patients with leukemia undergoing HSCT experience multiple physical and psychological strains such as pain, depression, anxiety, and fear. The existential health, as well as perspectives on life and death, changed both positively and negatively. The treatment was perceived to alter social relationships in the patients’ surroundings and had a limiting impact on their life situation. Conclusion: The results describe patients´ experiences from the perspective of the four dimensions of health, which often have a correlation with one another. To alleviate patient suffering, it is essential to approach patients from a holistic perspective that considers all dimensions of health.  

Background: Chronic kidney failure affects the kidneys' ability to excrete waste substances, maintain blood oxygenation, regulate blood pressure, regulate the blood's PH value and fluid balance in the body. Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment method for patients with chronic kidney failure and replaces the kidneys' purifying function of the blood. A sterile glucose solution is introduced into the peritoneal cavity to filter out toxins, electrolytes and excess fluid. PD is usually performed at the patient’s home. Purpose: The purpose was to shed light on the experiences of relatives of assisted peritoneal dialysis at home. Method: The method applied was a general literature study based on ten scientific articles that were analyzed through content analysis. The articles were qualitative method, quantitative method and mixed method. The searches were made in the databases CINAHL, PubMed and APA PsycInfo. Results: Three categories were identified: Experiences of concern, Experiences of a changed everyday life and Experiences of participation. Relatives experienced worry, anxiety, exhaustion and frustration due to PD. Relatives' everyday life changed as a result of supporting the patient with PD. They felt that there was a lack of information about PD treatment from the healthcare system. Relatives could experience anger towards the patient but also a sense of meaning in being involved in the care. Conclusion: Relatives of patients with PD at home experience both negative and positive emotions related to supporting the patient with PD. Relatives need increased support from healthcare professionals to cope with the stresses that PD has.

Abstract

Background: Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer among men

worldwide affecting both patients and their families. Partners of individuals

living with prostate cancer often take on caregiving role, which plays a role

in the patient's overall care and well-being. Understanding the experiences

of these partners provides holistic and person-centered care within the

context of prostate cancer treatment and support. Objective: The aim was to

describe the experiences of partners of people living with prostate cancer.

Method: A general literature review was conducted, synthesizing 13 peer-

reviewed articles. Results: The literature study identified three categories

describing partners' experiences living with a prostate cancer patient: The

Partner’s experience as an individual, The Partner’s experience in the

Relationship, and The Partner’s experience of healthcare. The findings

indicate that partners experience significant emotional and psychological

stress, the diseases often strain the couple’s relationship—through

communication difficulties and emotional isolation and lack of information

and support from healthcare providers. Conclusions: The study highlights

the need for person-centered care involving partners in the treatment

process, providing them with appropriate emotional support and

information. Addressing these needs can improve the well-being of both

patients and their partners, enhancing the quality of care during the cancer

journey.

The progressively increasing weight of vehicles leads to a significant rise in the load on the slabs in already existing parking garages. The consequence of this will be a reduced safety margin against failure in the building’s load-bearing elements, which may pose serious safety risks for both people and vehicles in the parking facility.

In this study the load-bearing capacity of a concrete element in an existing parking garage built in 1971 was examined in light of increasing vehicle loads. The element´s moment and shear capacities, for both previous and current standards were analysed using StruSofts program PRE-stress. The study specifically focused on how the increased vehicle loads from heavier vehicles could impact the safety of older structures. 

The results show that the TT-slabs meet today´s requirements for moment capacity but have deficiencies in shear capacity. The shear capacity of the TT-slabs is sufficient to withstand vehicle loads of 1.5 and 2.0 kN/m2. However, the modern vehicle load of 2.5 kN/m2 exceeds the slabs shear capacity. This indicates that the shear capacity is the governing factor for this type of structural element. 

In summary, the study shows that although the moment capacity is adequate, the shear capacity needs to be reassessed to ensure the structure meets the current standards. This suggests that the parking garage may need reinforcement or adaptation to handle the higher loads from modern vehicles, thereby ensuring long-term structural stability and safety. 

Background: Vulvodynia is a chronic pain in the vagina that lasts more than three months. The central symptom of vulvodynia is dyspareunia, which occur during sexual activities. Due to insufficient research, it has not been possible to determine the cause of the development of vulvodynia. Aim: The aim was to shed light on women's experiences of living with vulvodynia. Method: The study was conducted as a general literature review. The study used eight result articles, seven of which were qualitative and one quantitative. The articles were retrieved from the CINAHL, PubMed and Taylor & Francis databases. Results: Four categories were identified in the results: (1) To be left out, (2) Being controlled by pain, (3) Affecting relationship dynamics, and (4) Struggling to get care. Conclusion: Vulvodynia had a negative impact on women's social, sexual, and mental health. The increased knowledge about vulvodynia enables nurses to provide better care. More research on vulvodynia is essential to help additional women living with vulvodynia to get the correct diagnosis and an adequate treatment plan. 

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has been increasingly developed and implemented in healthcare over the past years. AI aims to create computer systems that mimic human intelligence and reasoning. AI in healthcare is the ability of computers to convert data into knowledge to guide decision-making accurately. Aim: To shed light on nurses' perceptions of using artificial intelligence in nursing. Method: A general literature review with an inductive approach based on nine articles, of which six use the qualitative method and three use the quantitative method. Results: The result revealed three categories: (1) The need for increased knowledge about AI, (2) The influence of AI on nurses' nursing work and (3) The need to raise awareness of ethical aspects of the use of AI. Conclusion: The nurses felt that AI could be a tool in nursing by updating with evidence-based information, streamlining nursing work, and acting as a safety net in clinical decisions. Concerns were raised about who was responsible for decisions based on AI and how ethical aspects could be applied in the implementation. The knowledge can contribute to a better understanding of how AI can be a decision support for nurses and contribute to patient-safe nursing.

Background: Pain has a strong impact on patients going through total knee arthroplasty. Pain was experienced as a great obstacle for patients before the surgery, and there was an expectation in patients that the surgery would help them return to a pain free, normal life. Aim: The aim of this study was to illustrate patients experiences of pain after total knee arthroplasty. Method: This study was conducted as a general literature review with an inductive approach, containing 11 articles with a qualitative design. The articles results were compiled into three different categories: The Impact of Pain in Everyday Life, the Impact of Pain in Rehabilitation and Managing Pain. Results: The study result shows that the experience of pain varied between individuals. These variations were rooted in different obstacles that was caused by the pain in everyday activities, different ways to cope with the pain, different strategies and how pain inflicted on rehabilitation exercises. This along with insufficient information, dissatisfaction with the surgery and negative feelings affected the pain experience after total knee arthroplasty. Conclusion: By highlighting different experiences, one gets an understanding of what challenges pain brings after total knee arthroplasty. It appears that there are deficiencies of understanding in what patients are expecting regarding pain and compared to the actual experience. This study could help nurses understand patients experience of pain.

Background: From a global perspective, atrial fibrillation is a common heart condition. Treatments involve both medical and non-medical interventions. The nurse plays a key role in care by offering person-centered care, providing support, and promoting health and disease prevention. Care interventions should be individually tailored to improve the patient's quality of life and support their involvement in care. Purpose: The aim was to highlight factors affecting quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation. Method: A general literature review with the support of 11 results articles. Results: The literature review resulted in three main categories: the impact of symptoms on quality of life, the impact of treatment on quality of life, and the importance of support and information. Symptoms were strongly associated with a reduced quality of life, especially among women and the elderly. Pharmacological treatments with NOAC and Warfarin contributed to a lower quality of life due to the risk of bleeding. However, NOAK provided a better quality of life. Additionally, the arrhythmia necessitated lifestyle changes. Patients with atrial fibrillation experienced a lack of support from healthcare providers and family, which in turn led to anxiety and isolation. Conclusion: Patients with atrial fibrillation experience reduced quality of life due to symptoms, medication side effects, and a lack of support from family and healthcare providers. Nursing care, particularly from nurses, is crucial for improving patients' well-being by providing support and information that alleviates anxiety regarding the disease, treatment, and future. 

Background: In the future, more and more elderly people with multi-illnesses will receive care at home, which places demands on the competence of the healthcare staff. The district nurses have the skills to meet the patients' care needs at home. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe district nurses' experiences of using their profession-specific competence in municipal home health care. Methods: A qualitative method with an inductive approach was applied. Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with district nurses from five different municipalities in southern Sweden. The material was analyzed using a qualitative manifest content analysis. Results: The district nurses in the study described their competence as contributing to feeling secure in conducting complex care at home and to paying attention to the whole around the patient, which was shown, which for instance was shown through health promotion work. Their competence meant that they could independently prescribe certain drugs and medical consumables, which facilitated both their own work and that of their nursing colleagues. The district nurses felt that their skills could be used more in the organization. Conclusions: The district nurses emphasized that they benefited from their profession-specific competence on a daily basis in their work in home health care, but that there were difficulties in making visible how their competence was used and how it characterized the daily work. 

This study explores the landscape of serious games for sustainable environmental education, focusing on game types, theoretical foundations, and pedagogical approaches to provide valuable insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers. Using an umbrella literature review methodology, it examines empirical studies published between 2006 and 2023 on serious games in this field. The findings reveal a growing interest in serious games for sustainability, highlighting advancements in gaming technologies. It also identifies various game types, theoretical perspectives, and pedagogical strategies used to promote sustainability education. The study offers a comprehensive overview of the role of serious games in fostering sustainable behaviors, synthesizing key empirical studies, frameworks, and practical applications. Its insights can help educators design and implement serious games that effectively integrate diverse pedagogical and theoretical approaches, enhancing learning outcomes and raising sustainability awareness. © 2024 University of Jyvaskyla

Smart contracts are programs that reside and execute on top of blockchains. These programs commonly perform financial transactions and contain the backend logic of various blockchain-supported applications. The presence of errors and bugs in smart contracts poses security risks to the applications they support. This is especially concerning because operations performed by smart contracts are irreversible by design, which is a key feature enforced by blockchain technology. Thus, ensuring the correctness and security of smart contracts before deployment is crucial. To achieve this, several program analysis and verification approaches are being actively researched and applied to smart contracts. The volume of research in this area makes it challenging to articulate the stateof-the-art. The first contribution of this thesis is an investigation into how predeployment analysis techniques have been applied to ensure the correctness and security of smart contracts. This investigation factors out the relationship between vulnerabilities in smart contracts and pre-deployment analysis techniques through properties they address. Among the issues uncovered by the investigation, one notable set pertains to nondeterministic (ND) factors involved in smart contract execution in the Ethereum blockchain. For example, transactions (function invocations) dispatched to Ethereum smart contracts are scheduled in ND order, and inputs received during execution, such as inputs from asynchronous callbacks of Oracles and externally called contracts that halt unexpectedly, are nondeterministic. Consequently, these factors may cause risks of ND changes to the state of smart contracts. The second contribution of this thesis is the proposal of methods for the static (at pre-deployment) detection of program sites (for example, state variables or cryptocurrency transfer instructions) susceptible to ND changes due to ND transaction scheduling or ND inputs and return values (from asynchronous callbacks and externally called contracts) in Ethereum smart contracts. The evaluations show that our approaches can outperform existing methods with respect to efficacy and runtime

Background: Heart failure is a serious disease that significantly affect apatient’s lifestyle and quality of life. It is important to highlight theexperiences and challenges that individuals with heart failure face toprovide appropriate care and support. Purpose: The Purpose was todescribe patient’s experiences of living with heart failure. Method: Ageneral literature study was conducted using an inductive method in whicheight articles were analyzed, and the results from these were compiled toprovide a clear picture of the state of knowledge within patients with heartfailure. Results: The literature search resulted in three main categories:Feeling limited, Experience of Emotional Turbulence and Lack of access toessential information and support resources. Conclusion: The resultsindicate a decrease in the zest for life and an impaired ability to enjoyeveryday activities. The study highlights the needs to improvecommunication, provide psychological support, and strengthen the patient’sability for self-care to enhance the lives of patients living with heart failure.

 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder and is characterized by difficulties with social interactions, repetitive behaviors and specific interests. Today, it is estimated that 0,6% of the global population and 2% of Sweden ́s population live with ASD. Nursing needs vary between people with ASD and the healthcare system may need to make special adaptations, which requires specific resources and knowledge about the diagnosis among nurses. The aim was to investigate nurses' experiences caring for patients with ASD within the health care system. The study is a general literature review based on 11 qualitative and quantitative research articles, one of which uses a mixed method approach. The results were presented in four themes: person-centered care, the nurses' challenges, the varying knowledge and need for education and opportunities for improvement. The results also showed that nurses experience challenges and insecurity when caring for patients with ASD. The challenges varied depending on severity of the patient ́s ASD, education, experiences, workplaces and access to resources. The conclusion was that content about ASD must be included in undergraduate teaching and other educations. Increased resources and aids are needed to adapt the healthcare environment for optimal, person-centered health care for patients with ASD.

Background: Disasters are sudden events that cause widespread damage and overwhelm local resources, requiring external help. Nurses have a central part in disaster management and face challenges such as resource scarcity, ethical dilemmas, and psychological stress. Aim: To highlight the nurse's experiences of working with nursing in disasters. Method: A general literature review with an inductive approach was conducted. Systematic searches in the CINAHL and PubMed databases resulted in ten qualitative articles published between 2014 and 2024. The articles were analyzed thematically. Results: Five categories in the result were worked out: (1) Nurses' profession and nursing responsibilities are expanded during disasters; (2) Education and training improve disaster preparedness; (3) Worsened conditions in nursing work; (4) Stress, grief, guilt and worry increase which affects nursing work; (5) Recovery is important for nurses after disaster work. Conclusion: Nurses experience increased responsibilities and face significant challenges in disasters. Adequate training and supportive work environments are essential to improve their disaster preparedness and well-being. The focus should be on offering recovery opportunities and psychological support to reduce the risk of long-term mental illness.

Obesity is a global public health problem and poses significant health risks. Theprevalence of childhood obesity has increased significantly since the 90s. At the sametime, risk factors such as a sedentary lifestyle and increased intake of calorie-densediets have become more common. Treatment takes place according to the nationalcare program with a focus on adapting lifestyle changes through support from thehealth care system. The district nurse has an important role in identifying andimplementing health-promoting initiatives at an early stage. The aim was to mapexisting knowledge of district nurses' experiences regarding the care of children withobesity. The study was conducted through a systematic literature review that included17 articles. The results identify four areas: guidelines and routines, interprofessionalcollaboration and treatment options, health promotion and disease prevention, and therelationship between district nurse, children and guardians. The study's conclusionshows that district nurses' experiences, profession-specific knowledge and holisticview of children with obesity, as well as their guardians, constitute a valuableresource in healthcare. District nurses' opportunities to help children with obesitydepend on functioning interprofessional collaboration and adequate resourceallocation of time to meet the needs of children with obesity. This study can helpdevelop healthcare so that it can better support and treat children with obesity.

In a competitive business world, brands and products are essential to a company's success and growth. It is important for any business that wants to succeed in international markets to understand how valuable these elements are and how to manage them effectively. Rebranding and product launch strategies emerge as tools for companies looking to stay ahead in the global marketplace. Rebranding helps companies maintain relevance in changing markets, while introducing new products is important for addressing shifting customer needs. However, both have significant risks and costs, as many rebranding efforts fail to resonate, and new products often struggle to gain market acceptance. Given the importance of these strategies, understanding how new brands and products gain legitimacy—particularly in international markets—is essential. This doctoral thesis explores the process of legitimation, which is crucial for acceptance among various stakeholders, and addresses the research question: “How do companies legitimize new brands and new products in international markets?”. To answer this main research question, this thesis focuses on five papers. Paper I provides a review of international branding literature, identifying research gaps and suggests scholars to explore branding dynamics in emerging markets and B2B contexts. Paper II focuses on the challenges of internal and external legitimation in the rebranding process in developed and emerging markets. Paper III identifies the brand knowledge dimensions that matter most to different stakeholders during the rebranding process. Paper IV examines the factors influencing new product launches across various institutional contexts, presenting a typology that highlights the roles of brand awareness and price sensitivity. Paper V focuses on the relationship between internal and external challenges in emerging markets, proposing strategies to address these challenges effectively. By integrating institutional and legitimation theories with rebranding and product launch strategies, the thesis offers insights and practical guidance for businesses operating in global markets. The findings help understanding the complexities of legitimation in different contexts and provide actionable strategies to enhance the acceptance of new brands and products internationally.

Background: Organ donation is a treatment of severe organ failure and can come from both living and deceased donors. Organ donation from deceased can occur in two different ways, either after brain death or circulatory death. Aim: The study aimed to describe the donor family´s experiences of organ donation after death. Method: General literature study with an inductive approach where 11 articles were used in the result. The articles were coded and summarized in three categories, experiences of the preparation, experiences of the decision and experiences of the implementation. Results: The donor families stated the donation request was an obstacle in the situation and that it happened too close to the death. The donor family´s experiences revealed that a lack of information and communication led to misunderstandings about the death and the donation process. The decision to go through organ donation was often based on the need to shift focus from the negative to the positive, that their decision could give another person a chance at a new life. The process and its time frames could create negative experiences, but this differed between the families. Conclusion/implication: The donor families experience of organ donation after death differs. There are aspects that can affect the experience both positively and negatively. Further research in the donor family´s experience of organ donation can optimize the implementation of the process, both from the perspective of the family and the healthcare system.

 Background: Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease that causes pain, stiffness and reduced mobility. Recommended primary treatment includes physical activity, weight control, pain relief and self-care education Aim: The aim was to describe patients' experiences of living with osteoarthritis Method: The study was conducted as a general literature review based on 10 scientific articles that were processed and analyzed. Results: The results identified five main categories showing that both physical and emotional pain relief contributed to wellbeing of patients with osteoarthritis. Mutual and accurate information, as well as education from both the patient and the healthcare provider, facilitated self-care and provided better conditions for family members and caregivers to offer support. Physical activity and weight loss, when necessary, were significant in improving mobility and alleviating pain. For patients with osteoarthritis, the need for involvement in the treatment process was of great importance. Professional support from healthcare providers and social support from family were central for enhancing quality of life Conclusion: Patients with osteoarthritis experience both physical and psychological symptoms where pain often hinders adherence to treatment. The nurse’s role is essential in promoting participation through person-centered information and support. A person-centered approach that addresses both physical and psychological needs can improve communication, reduce psychological burden, increase adherence to recommended treatment and enhance quality of life.   

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a common disease that often leads to serious complications. Medication therapy is an effective way to prevent and slow down the onset of complications. Despite this, adherence to medication prescriptions is inadequate. Nurses need to be aware of the circumstances that can lead to high and low adherence from a patient perspective to be able to provide high-quality and person-centered care. Aim: The aim was to highlight circumstances that patients experience that affect adherence to medication prescriptions in non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes. Method: The study was conducted as a general literature review with an inductive approach. The study is based on nine qualitative articles. Results: In the results, three categories were identified: acceptance of changed living conditions, knowledge and understanding, and the surrounding environment. Conclusion: Adherence to medication therapy is a process that is influenced by many circumstances; for example, inability to accept the diagnosis, knowledge of the diagnosis and medication and social support. For the nurse, it is central to have a person-centered approach that takes into account each patient's knowledge and experiences. Individualized information for the patient is essential for knowledge to be translated into action.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease characterized by permanent airway obstruction that leads to an irreversible reduction in lung function. In 2019, 12% of the world's population was affected by COPD. How everyday life is affected is individual, depending on the stage of the disease and its symptoms. Aim: The study aimed to describe non-pharmacological self-care strategies. Method: The method was a general literature study with an inductive approach where previously published research was compiled. The compilation resulted in five categories of self-care strategies that patients use. Results: The results highlighted several strategies that patients with COPD use in their everyday lives to reduce the impact of the disease. The results were presented in five categories: avoidance of triggering factors, exercises to facilitate breathing, adaptation of activities, dietary changes, and support from relatives. Conclusion: Self-care strategies are the basis for the patient's ability to manage everyday life. Increased ability to self-care benefits the patient's well-being and reduces the risks of exacerbations and increased need for care.

Background: Nurses play a crucial role in the care and treatment of individuals with malignant melanoma. Nurses have witnessed situations where they were too close and too involved in patient care. This made it difficult to maintain a professional relationship, while some nurses experienced increased anxiety. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe adults’ experiences of living with malignant melanoma. Method: The study was conducted as a general literature review with an inductive approach based on one quantitative and nine qualitative scientific articles. Data were analyzed using Popenoe´s three-step method for content analysis. Results: The literature review presents the results based on the following three categories: experiences of everyday life, experiences of care & experiences after treatment. Life plans had to be postponed and replaced with numerous doctor visits. People with malignant melanoma pointed out that the diagnostic examinations took longer than promised. Individuals with the disease had trouble understanding and believing their improved prognosis, which made it difficult to enjoy life. Conclusion: Overall, the results of the general literature review indicate a need for enhanced training in nursing education to improve nursing care for patients with malignant melanoma. Additionally, further research into individuals ‘experiences with malignant melanoma is essential to promote person-centered care. 

Skin conditions are common, and when assessing skin, care must be adapted to the amount of melanin, as this affects how health conditions are evaluated. Despite this, there is a lack of representation of melanin-rich skin in medical literature and education, creating knowledge gaps and increasing the risk of misdiagnosis. To ensure equitable care, healthcare must be adapted to different skin tones. The district nurse plays a central role in identifying, diagnosing, and treating skin conditions, where competence is crucial. Increased knowledge of skin assessment is needed to promote fair care and prevent discrimination. Aim: The study aimed to highlight district nurses' experiences of skin conditions in patients with melanin-rich skin. Method: Qualitative interview study with 11 district nurses in primary care and home healthcare. The analysis was conducted using qualitative content analysis, applying an inductive approach. Results: Three categories and five subcategories were identified: Assessment of melanin-rich skin, Experience in treatment and prescription of medication, and Education. Conclusion: District nurses face challenges assessing skin conditions on melanin-rich skin. Limited education and experience, raising the risk of misdiagnosis and improper treatment. Integrating knowledge of melanin-rich skin into education helps healthcare better meet diverse needs and promote equitable, safe care.